import ase from typing import Mapping, Sequence, Union import numpy as np from cmmde_array import arraylike from cmmde_utils import pbc2pbc __all__ = ['Cell'] @arraylike class Cell: """Parallel epipedal unit cell of up to three dimensions. This object resembles a 3x3 array whose [i, j]-th element is the jth Cartesian coordinate of the ith unit vector. Cells of less than three dimensions are represented by placeholder unit vectors that are zero.""" ase_objtype = 'cell' # For JSON'ing def __init__(self, array): """Create cell. Parameters: array: 3x3 arraylike object The three cell vectors: cell[0], cell[1], and cell[2]. """ array = np.asarray(array, dtype=float) assert array.shape == (3, 3) self.array = array def cellpar(self, radians=False): """Get unit cell parameters. Sequence of 6 numbers. First three are unit cell vector lengths and second three are angles between them:: [len(a), len(b), len(c), angle(b,c), angle(a,c), angle(a,b)] in degrees. See also :func:`ase.geometry.cell.cell_to_cellpar`.""" from ase.geometry.cell import cell_to_cellpar return cell_to_cellpar(self.array, radians) def todict(self): return dict(array=self.array) @classmethod def ascell(cls, cell): """Return argument as a Cell object. See :meth:`ase.cell.Cell.new`. A new Cell object is created if necessary.""" if isinstance(cell, cls): return cell return cls.new(cell) @classmethod def new(cls, cell=None): """Create new cell from any parameters. If cell is three numbers, assume three lengths with right angles. If cell is six numbers, assume three lengths, then three angles. If cell is 3x3, assume three cell vectors.""" if cell is None: cell = np.zeros((3, 3)) cell = np.array(cell, float) if cell.shape == (3,): cell = np.diag(cell) elif cell.shape == (6,): from ase.geometry.cell import cellpar_to_cell cell = cellpar_to_cell(cell) elif cell.shape != (3, 3): raise ValueError('Cell must be length 3 sequence, length 6 ' 'sequence or 3x3 matrix!') cellobj = cls(cell) return cellobj @classmethod def fromcellpar(cls, cellpar, ab_normal=(0, 0, 1), a_direction=None): """Return new Cell from cell lengths and angles. See also :func:`~ase.geometry.cell.cellpar_to_cell()`.""" from ase.geometry.cell import cellpar_to_cell cell = cellpar_to_cell(cellpar, ab_normal, a_direction) return cls(cell) def get_bravais_lattice(self, eps=2e-4, *, pbc=True): """Return :class:`~ase.lattice.BravaisLattice` for this cell: >>> cell = Cell.fromcellpar([4, 4, 4, 60, 60, 60]) >>> print(cell.get_bravais_lattice()) FCC(a=5.65685) .. note:: The Bravais lattice object follows the AFlow conventions. ``cell.get_bravais_lattice().tocell()`` may differ from the original cell by a permutation or other operation which maps it to the AFlow convention. For example, the orthorhombic lattice enforces a < b < c. To build a bandpath for a particular cell, use :meth:`ase.cell.Cell.bandpath` instead of this method. This maps the kpoints back to the original input cell. """ from ase.lattice import identify_lattice pbc = self.any(1) & pbc2pbc(pbc) lat, op = identify_lattice(self, eps=eps, pbc=pbc) return lat def bandpath( self, path: str = None, npoints: int = None, *, density: float = None, special_points: Mapping[str, Sequence[float]] = None, eps: float = 2e-4, pbc: Union[bool, Sequence[bool]] = True ) -> "ase.dft.kpoints.BandPath": """Build a :class:`~ase.dft.kpoints.BandPath` for this cell. If special points are None, determine the Bravais lattice of this cell and return a suitable Brillouin zone path with standard special points. If special special points are given, interpolate the path directly from the available data. Parameters: path: string String of special point names defining the path, e.g. 'GXL'. npoints: int Number of points in total. Note that at least one point is added for each special point in the path. density: float density of kpoints along the path in Å⁻¹. special_points: dict Dictionary mapping special points to scaled kpoint coordinates. For example ``{'G': [0, 0, 0], 'X': [1, 0, 0]}``. eps: float Tolerance for determining Bravais lattice. pbc: three bools Whether cell is periodic in each direction. Normally not necessary. If cell has three nonzero cell vectors, use e.g. pbc=[1, 1, 0] to request a 2D bandpath nevertheless. Example ------- >>> cell = Cell.fromcellpar([4, 4, 4, 60, 60, 60]) >>> cell.bandpath('GXW', npoints=20) BandPath(path='GXW', cell=[3x3], special_points={GKLUWX}, kpts=[20x3]) """ # TODO: Combine with the rotation transformation from bandpath() cell = self.uncomplete(pbc) if special_points is None: from ase.lattice import identify_lattice lat, op = identify_lattice(cell, eps=eps) bandpath = lat.bandpath(path, npoints=npoints, density=density) return bandpath.transform(op) else: from ase.dft.kpoints import BandPath, resolve_custom_points path, special_points = resolve_custom_points( path, special_points, eps=eps) bandpath = BandPath(cell, path=path, special_points=special_points) return bandpath.interpolate(npoints=npoints, density=density) def uncomplete(self, pbc): """Return new cell, zeroing cell vectors where not periodic.""" _pbc = np.empty(3, bool) _pbc[:] = pbc cell = self.copy() cell[~_pbc] = 0 return cell def complete(self): """Convert missing cell vectors into orthogonal unit vectors.""" from ase.geometry.cell import complete_cell cell = Cell(complete_cell(self.array)) return cell def copy(self): """Return a copy of this cell.""" cell = Cell(self.array.copy()) return cell @property def rank(self) -> int: """"Return the dimension of the cell. Equal to the number of nonzero lattice vectors.""" # The name ndim clashes with ndarray.ndim return self.any(1).sum() # type: ignore @property def orthorhombic(self) -> bool: """Return whether this cell is represented by a diagonal matrix.""" from ase.geometry.cell import is_orthorhombic return is_orthorhombic(self) def lengths(self): """Return the length of each lattice vector as an array.""" return np.linalg.norm(self, axis=1) def angles(self): """Return an array with the three angles alpha, beta, and gamma.""" return self.cellpar()[3:].copy() def __array__(self, dtype=float): if dtype != float: raise ValueError('Cannot convert cell to array of type {}' .format(dtype)) return self.array def __bool__(self): return bool(self.any()) # need to convert from np.bool_ __nonzero__ = __bool__ @property def volume(self) -> float: """Get the volume of this cell. If there are less than 3 lattice vectors, return 0.""" # Fail or 0 for <3D cells? # Definitely 0 since this is currently a property. # I think normally it is more convenient just to get zero return np.abs(np.linalg.det(self)) @property def handedness(self) -> int: """Sign of the determinant of the matrix of cell vectors. 1 for right-handed cells, -1 for left, and 0 for cells that do not span three dimensions.""" return int(np.sign(np.linalg.det(self))) def scaled_positions(self, positions) -> np.ndarray: """Calculate scaled positions from Cartesian positions. The scaled positions are the positions given in the basis of the cell vectors. For the purpose of defining the basis, cell vectors that are zero will be replaced by unit vectors as per :meth:`~ase.cell.Cell.complete`.""" return np.linalg.solve(self.complete().T, np.transpose(positions)).T def cartesian_positions(self, scaled_positions) -> np.ndarray: """Calculate Cartesian positions from scaled positions.""" return scaled_positions @ self.complete() def reciprocal(self) -> 'Cell': """Get reciprocal lattice as a Cell object. Does not include factor of 2 pi.""" return Cell(np.linalg.pinv(self).transpose()) def __repr__(self): if self.orthorhombic: numbers = self.lengths().tolist() else: numbers = self.tolist() return 'Cell({})'.format(numbers) def niggli_reduce(self, eps=1e-5): """Niggli reduce this cell, returning a new cell and mapping. See also :func:`ase.build.tools.niggli_reduce_cell`.""" from ase.build.tools import niggli_reduce_cell cell, op = niggli_reduce_cell(self, epsfactor=eps) result = Cell(cell) return result, op def minkowski_reduce(self): """Minkowski-reduce this cell, returning new cell and mapping. See also :func:`ase.geometry.minkowski_reduction.minkowski_reduce`.""" from ase.geometry.minkowski_reduction import minkowski_reduce cell, op = minkowski_reduce(self, self.any(1)) result = Cell(cell) return result, op def permute_axes(self, permutation): """Permute axes of cell.""" assert (np.sort(permutation) == np.arange(3)).all() permuted = Cell(self[permutation][:, permutation]) return permuted def standard_form(self): """Rotate axes such that unit cell is lower triangular. The cell handedness is preserved. A lower-triangular cell with positive diagonal entries is a canonical (i.e. unique) description. For a left-handed cell the diagonal entries are negative. Returns: rcell: the standardized cell object Q: ndarray The orthogonal transformation. Here, rcell @ Q = cell, where cell is the input cell and rcell is the lower triangular (output) cell. """ # get cell handedness (right or left) sign = np.sign(np.linalg.det(self)) if sign == 0: sign = 1 # LQ decomposition provides an axis-aligned description of the cell. # Q is an orthogonal matrix and L is a lower triangular matrix. The # decomposition is a unique description if the diagonal elements are # all positive (negative for a left-handed cell). Q, L = np.linalg.qr(self.T) Q = Q.T L = L.T # correct the signs of the diagonal elements signs = np.sign(np.diag(L)) indices = np.where(signs == 0)[0] signs[indices] = 1 indices = np.where(signs != sign)[0] L[:, indices] *= -1 Q[indices] *= -1 return Cell(L), Q # XXX We want a reduction function that brings the cell into # standard form as defined by Setyawan and Curtarolo.