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| shorttitle | shortauthor | title | author | collaborator | titleshort | authorshort | processDate | linkDir | appendix | abstractTex | keywords | facilities | acknowledgements | header-includes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pubsEngine | Author One, et al. | pubsEngine: Manuscript Engine | {number 1} {orcid 0000-0002-0786-7307} {name Author One} {correspond true} {affiliation My City University} {address Orenomachi, Orenoshi, Orenoken, Japan} {email one@myuni.ac.jp}] [{number 2} {name Author Two} {affiliation My Other City University} {address Hokanomachi, Orenoshi, Orenoken, Japan} {email two@myuni.ac.jp} | [{theme AAS Journal Data Editors} {person {number 1} {orcid 0000-0002-0786-7307} {name Author One} {correspond true} {affiliation My City University} {address Orenomachi, Orenoshi, Orenoken, Japan} {email one@myuni.ac.jp}] [{number 2} {name Author Two} {affiliation My Other City University} {address Hokanomachi, Orenoshi, Orenoken, Japan} {email two@myuni.ac.jp}} {email xxx@myuni.ac.jp}] | Paperlighter Example | Author One et.al. | [{received March 11, 2022} {accepted April 11, 2022}] | [Figure Output] | [appendix/1 appendix/2] | \abstract{To investigate the physical nature of the 'nuc-leated instability' of proto giant planets, the stability of layers in static, radiative gas spheres is analysed on the basis of Baker's standard one-zone model.} {To investigate the physical nature of the 'nuc-leated instability' of proto giant planets, the stability of layers in static, radiative gas spheres is analysed on the basis of Baker's standard one-zone model.} {It is shown that stability depends only upon the equations of state, the opacities and the local thermodynamic state in the layer. Stability and instability can therefore be expressed in the form of stability equations of state which are universal for a given composition.} {The stability equations of state are calculated for solar composition and are displayed in the domain $-14 \leq \lg \rho / \mathrm{[g, cm^{-3}]} \leq 0 $, $ 8.8 \leq \lg e / \mathrm{[erg, g^{-1}]} \leq 17.7$. These displays may be used to determine the one-zone stability of layers in stellar or planetary structure models by directly reading off the value of the stability equations for the thermodynamic state of these layers, specified by state quantities as density $\rho$, temperature $T$ or specific internal energy $e$. Regions of instability in the $(\rho,e)$-plane are described and related to the underlying microphysical processes.} {Vibrational instability is found to be a common phenomenon at temperatures lower than the second He ionisation zone. The $\kappa$-mechanism is widespread under 'cool' conditions.} | giant planet formation -- $\kappa$-mechanism -- stability of gas spheres | HST(STIS) | Part of this work was supported by the German *Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG* project number Ts 17/2--1. | \usepackage{chemfig} \newcommand\mC[1]{\multicolumn{1}{c}{#1}} \newcommand\latex{\LaTeX\xspace } |
Introduction
In the 'nucleated instability' (also called core instability) hypothesis of giant planet formation, a critical mass for static core envelope protoplanets has been found. \citet{langley00} determined the critical mass of the core to be about $12 ,M_\oplus$ ($M_\oplus=5.975 \times 10^{27},\mathrm{g}$ is the Earth mass), which is independent of the outer boundary conditions and therefore independent of the location in the solar nebula. This critical value for the core mass corresponds closely to the cores of today's giant planets.
Although no hydrodynamical study has been available many workers conjectured that a collapse or rapid contraction will ensue after accumulating the critical mass. The main motivation for this article is to investigate the stability of the static envelope at the critical mass. With this aim the local, linear stability of static radiative gas spheres is investigated on the basis of Baker's (\citeyear{mitchell80}) standard one-zone model.
Phenomena similar to the ones described above for giant planet formation have been found in hydrodynamical models concerning star formation where protostellar cores explode (Tscharnuter \citeyear{kearns89}, Balluch \citeyear{MachineLearningI}), whereas earlier studies found quasi-steady collapse flows. The similarities in the (micro)physics, i.e., constitutive relations of protostellar cores and protogiant planets serve as a further motivation for this study.
Markdown
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Headings
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Paragraph
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Italic
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Bold
\v{**} Ex. \v{this text is bold} : this text is bold
Bold and Italic
\v{***} Ex. \v{this text is bold and italic} this text is bold and italic
Verbatim
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To include backticks inside the text, use multiple bacticks.
``this is `the text` multiple``
CodeBlocks
Multiple verbatim lines in Markdown can be expressed as a CodeBlock.
This particular block is considered as special, due to its popular use in verbatim representation of source-code in the manuscript.
Technically, a CodeBlock is a range of lines that surrounded by triple tilde ~~~, for example:
~~~
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "we are one"
~~~
will produce:
main :: IO ()
main = putStrLn "we are one"
The abuse of CodeBlocks for another purpose will be discussed in another section (Enhancement by pubsEngine).
Mathematical Equations
By default, we may use $$ environment for mathematical formula.
Nonetheless, actually, we can use any \latex scenario, such as:
$$ $$ is equal with \begin{equation}
\begin{eqnarray}
\begin{array}
\begin{displaymath}
\begin{align}
This is an example:
\begin{align}
\nabla \cdot \vec{E} &= \rho \nonumber \\
\nabla \cdot \vec{B} &= 0 \nonumber \\
\nabla \times \vec{E} &= -\frac{\vec{B}}{t}
\end{align}
\begin{align} \nabla \cdot \vec{E} &= \rho \nonumber \ \nabla \cdot \vec{B} &= 0 \nonumber \ \nabla \times \vec{E} &= -\frac{\vec{B}}{t} \end{align}
Equations as independent paragraph equation is not numbered, as below.
$$ \nabla \cdot \vec{W} = \sigma W \nonumber $$
And this is another example for inline equation, such as: $$y = 5\cdot x^2$$ You can see that inline equation have automatically numbered.
Tables
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Images
{#fig:FigVibStab width=3.43in height=2.71in}
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Lists
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For ordered list, we just use numbers. The block should be as an independent paragraph (blank line above and under the block).
1. first in line
2. second
3. and the third
will produce
- first in line
- second
- and the third
Unordered List
For unordered list, use dash sign (-).
We also can use asterisk and plus signs ( * +)
- first in line
- second
should multiline
- and the third
will produce
- first in line
- second should multiline
- and the third
Links
We use [Duck Duck Go](https://duckduckgo.com).
produces: We use Duck Duck Go.
Email link
<myemail@myurl.org>
produces email link:
Enhancement by pubsEngine
The enhancements provided by pubsEngine spans on various aspects. Most parts of this are expressed in terms of CodeBlocks.
Table
pubsEngine provides its table capability outside the defaults available in Pandoc. Under the table, pubsEngine will use MultiMarkdown to process its table. We can create Table \ref{tbl:multi} using the following template:
~~~{.multiTable #tbl:multi}
| | Grouping ||
|First Header | Second Header | Third Header |
| ------------ | :-----------: | -----------: |
|Content | *Long Cell* ||
|Content | **Cell** | Cell |
|New section | More | Data |
|And more | With an escaped '\|' ||
[More complicated table caption.]
~~~
| | Grouping ||
|First Header | Second Header | Third Header |
| ------------ | :-----------: | -----------: |
|Content | *Long Cell* ||
|Content | **Cell** | Cell |
|New section | More | Data |
|And more | With an escaped '\|' ||
[More complicated table can be done using multimarkdown in .multiTable Code Block. You have to use this format for all table as default.]
Currently, we cannot create full width two-columns table automatically using above default syntax. For the moment, we should use a complete \latex syntax to fulfill this. The detailed syntax for this purpose will be shown in the Appendix.
Include .md Files
We can create a rather decent categorical separation of our documents by dividing the .md files and gather them using includes.
~~~include
include/addition1.md
~~~
include/addition1.md
Above paragraph was included from include/addition1.md.
Diagram
We can include a diagram script, following an Embedded domain-specific Language from Haskell package diagrams.
The implementation of following CodeBlock can be seen at Figure \ref{fig:dia1}.
~~~{#fig:dia1 .diagram width=100 caption="dia"}
let x = circle 10
in x
~~~
type D2 = Diagram PGF
main = onlineMain example
mytext :: OnlineTex D2
mytext = scale 2 . box 8 orange <$> hboxOnline (sizedVBox 18 txt)
where
txt = "The sum of the squares of the lengths of the legs equals the square "
++ "of the length of the hypotenuse:"
++ "$$ a^2 + b^2 = c^2 .$$"
rightTriangle
= fromVertices [origin, mkP2 4 0, mkP2 4 3]
# closeTrail
# strokeTrail
# centerXY
# scale 12
# fc dodgerblue
# label (hboxPoint "\\chemfig{R-C-[::-60]O-[::-60]C-[::-60]R}") (V2 4 6)
# label (hboxPoint "\\chemfig{*5(-=--=)}") (V2 1 1)
labeledTriangle :: OnlineTex D2
labeledTriangle = scale 5 <$> do
a <- hboxOnline "$a$"
b <- hboxOnline "$b$"
c <- hboxOnline "$c$"
pure $ rightTriangle
# label a unit_X
# label b unit_Y
# label c (V2 4 3)
example = frame 10 <$> liftA2 (|-|) labeledTriangle mytext
a |-| b = a ||| strutX 25 ||| b
box padding colour content
= centerXY content
<> roundedRect w h 2
# fc colour
where
V2 w h = (+padding) <$> size content
sizedVBox w x = "\\hsize=" ++ show w ++ "em\\vbox{\\noindent " ++ x ++ "}"
label l v a = besideWithGap 3 (perp v) a (centerXY l)
besideWithGap g v a b = beside v a b'
where
b' = beside v (strut (g *^ signorm v)) b
Subprocess delegation
| | Grouping ||
|First Header | Second Header | Third Header |
| ------------ | :-----------: | -----------: |
|Content | *Long Cell* ||
|Content | **Cell** | Cell |
|
|New section | More | Data |
|And more | With an escaped '\|' ||
[Prototype table]
We can delegate the compilation of our CodeBlock to other application.
As an example, the creation of table \ref{tbl:delegate}, can be delegated to multimarkdown using following syntax. Please notice the use of #tbl:delegate for assignment of label that can be refered in the text using \ref{tbl:delegate}.
~~~{.delegate .multimarkdown #tbl:delegate}
| | Grouping ||
|First Header | Second Header | Third Header |
| ------------ | :-----------: | -----------: |
|Content | *Long Cell* ||
|Content | **Cell** | Cell |
|
|New section | More | Data |
|And more | With an escaped '\|' ||
[Prototype table]
~~~
Feynman diagram
Feynman diagram can be generated using the following syntax.
~~~{.feynmp caption="test feynman diagram"}
\begin{equation}
\begin{gathered}
\begin{fmfgraph*}(65,50) %size 65,50
\fmfleft{i1,i2}
\fmfright{o1,o2}
\fmf{fermion}{i1,v1,o1}
\fmf{fermion}{i2,v2,o2}
\fmf{photon}{v1,v2}
\end{fmfgraph*}
\end{gathered}=-i\lambda
\end{equation}
~~~
\begin{equation}
\begin{gathered}
\begin{fmfgraph*}(65,50) %size 65,50
\fmfleft{i1,i2}
\fmfright{o1,o2}
\fmf{fermion}{i1,v1,o1}
\fmf{fermion}{i2,v2,o2}
\fmf{photon}{v1,v2}
\end{fmfgraph*}
\end{gathered}=-i\lambda
\end{equation}
Mermaid diagrams
Inclusion of Mermaid diagrams at Figure \ref{fig:mermaid} can be done by the following syntax:
~~~{.mermaid #fig:mermaid caption="new mermaid"
file="Figure/mermaidExample"
width=320 height=240}
sequenceDiagram
participant Alice
participant Bob
Alice->John: Hello John, how are you?
loop Healthcheck
John->John: Fight against hypochondria
end
Note right of John: Rational thoughts <br/>
prevail...
John-->Alice: Great!
John->Bob: How about you?
Bob-->John: Jolly good!
~~~
sequenceDiagram
participant Alice
participant Bob
Alice->John: Hello John, how are you?
loop Healthcheck
John->John: Fight against hypochondria
end
Note right of John: Rational thoughts <br/>prevail...
John-->Alice: Great!
John->Bob: How about you?
Bob-->John: Jolly good!
Please make sure that Mermaid executables have already installed in $PATH.
pubsEngine need to call executable named mermaid.
Common ways to install Mermaid is:
npm install @mermaid-js/mermaid-cli
ln -sf ~/node_modules/.bin/mmdc ~/.local/bin/mermaid
Presentation and Poster (Beamer)
There are two CodeBlocks that can be used for beamer.
For a TextBlock, we can use ~~~{.textblock w=150pt pos=(140pt,160pt)}.
We can include notes for beamer by ~~~{note} CodeBlocks.
Baker's standard one-zone model
\begin{figure*} \centering \includegraphics{Figure/icml_numpapers.eps} \caption{Adiabatic exponent $\Gamma_1$. $\Gamma_1$ is plotted as a function of $\lg$ internal energy $\mathrm{[erg,g^{-1}]}$ and $\lg$ density $\mathrm{[g,cm^{-3}]}$.} \label{fig:FigGam}% \end{figure*}
In this section the one-zone model of \citet{DudaHart2nd}, originally used to study the Cephe\text{"{\i}}d pulsation mechanism, will be briefly reviewed. The resulting stability criteria will be rewritten in terms of local state variables, local timescales and constitutive relations.
\citet{DudaHart2nd} investigates the stability of thin layers in self-gravitating, spherical gas clouds with the following properties:
* hydrostatic equilibrium,
* thermal equilibrium,
* energy transport by grey radiation diffusion.
non-numbered list can be written as above, and shown as:
- hydrostatic equilibrium,
- thermal equilibrium,
- energy transport by grey radiation diffusion.
For the one-zone-model Baker obtains necessary conditions for dynamical, secular and vibrational (or pulsational) stability (Eqs. (34a,b,c) in Baker \citeyear{DudaHart2nd}). Using Baker's notation:
\noindent and with the definitions of the local cooling time (see == [@fig:FigGam] == Fig. \ref{fig:FigGam}) \begin{equation} \tau_{\mathrm{co}} = \frac{E_{\mathrm{th}}}{L_{r0}} ,, \end{equation} and the local free-fall time \begin{equation} \tau_{\mathrm{ff}} = \sqrt{ \frac{3 \pi}{32 G} \frac{4\pi r_0^3}{3 M_{\mathrm{r}}} },, \end{equation} Baker's $K$ and $\sigma_0$ have the following form: \begin{eqnarray} \sigma_0 & = & \frac{\pi}{\sqrt{8}} \frac{1}{ \tau_{\mathrm{ff}}} \ K & = & \frac{\sqrt{32}}{\pi} \frac{1}{\delta} \frac{ \tau_{\mathrm{ff}} } { \tau_{\mathrm{co}} },; \end{eqnarray} where $E_{\mathrm{th}} \approx m (P_0/{\rho_0})$ has been used and \begin{equation} \begin{array}{l} \delta = - \left( \frac{ \partial \ln \rho }{ \partial \ln T } \right)P \ e=mc^2 \end{array} \end{equation} is a thermodynamical quantity which is of order $1$ and equal to $1$ for nonreacting mixtures of classical perfect gases. The physical meaning of $\sigma_0$ and $K$ is clearly visible in the equations above. $\sigma_0$ represents a frequency of the order one per free-fall time. $K$ is proportional to the ratio of the free-fall time and the cooling time. Substituting into Baker's criteria, using thermodynamic identities and definitions of thermodynamic quantities, \begin{displaymath} \Gamma_1 = \left( \frac{ \partial \ln P}{ \partial\ln \rho} \right){S} , , ; \chi^{}\rho = \left( \frac{ \partial \ln P}{ \partial\ln \rho} \right){T} , , ; \kappa^{}{P} = \left( \frac{ \partial \ln \kappa}{ \partial\ln P} \right){T} \end{displaymath} \begin{displaymath} \nabla_{\mathrm{ad}} = \left( \frac{ \partial \ln T} { \partial\ln P} \right){S} , , ; \chi^{}T = \left( \frac{ \partial \ln P} { \partial\ln T} \right){\rho} , , ; \kappa^{}{T} = \left( \frac{ \partial \ln \kappa} { \partial\ln T} \right){T} \end{displaymath} one obtains, after some pages of algebra, the conditions for stability given below: \begin{eqnarray} \frac{\pi^2}{8} \frac{1}{\tau{\mathrm{ff}}^2} ( 3 \Gamma_1 - 4 ) & > & 0 \label{ZSDynSta} \ \frac{\pi^2}{\tau_{\mathrm{co}} \tau_{\mathrm{ff}}^2} \Gamma_1 \nabla_{\mathrm{ad}} \left[ \frac{ 1- 3/4 \chi^{}\rho }{ \chi^{}T } ( \kappa^{}T - 4 ) + \kappa^{}P + 1 \right] & > & 0 \label{ZSSecSta} \ \frac{\pi^2}{4} \frac{3}{\tau{ \mathrm{co} } \tau{ \mathrm{ff} }^2 } \Gamma_1^2 , \nabla{\mathrm{ad}} \left[ 4 \nabla{\mathrm{ad}} - ( \nabla_{\mathrm{ad}} \kappa^{}_T + \kappa^{}_P ) - \frac{4}{3 \Gamma_1} \right] & > & 0 \label{ZSVibSta} \end{eqnarray}
For a physical discussion of the stability criteria see \citet{DudaHart2nd} or \citet{anonymous}.
We observe that these criteria for dynamical, secular and vibrational stability, respectively, can be factorized into
- a factor containing local timescales only,
- a factor containing only constitutive relations and their derivatives.
- To make a numered list, make sure that:
- it stands on its own paragraph (blank line above and below the list),
- the number starts at first column on each line.
The first factors, depending on only timescales, are positive by definition. The signs of the left hand sides of the inequalities (\ref{ZSDynSta}), (\ref{ZSSecSta}) and (\ref{ZSVibSta}) therefore depend exclusively on the second factors containing the constitutive relations. Since they depend only on state variables, the stability criteria themselves are functions of the thermodynamic state in the local zone. The one-zone stability can therefore be determined from a simple equation of state, given for example, as a function of density and temperature. Once the microphysics, i.e. the thermodynamics and opacities (see Table \ref{KapSou}), are specified (in practice by specifying a chemical composition) the one-zone stability can be inferred if the thermodynamic state is specified. The zone -- or in other words the layer -- will be stable or unstable in whatever object it is imbedded as long as it satisfies the one-zone-model assumptions. Only the specific growth rates (depending upon the time scales) will be different for layers in different objects.
We will now write down the sign (and therefore stability) determining parts of the left-hand sides of the inequalities (\ref{ZSDynSta}), (\ref{ZSSecSta}) and (\ref{ZSVibSta}) and thereby obtain stability equations of state.
The sign determining part of inequality (\ref{ZSDynSta}) is $3\Gamma_1 - 4$ and it reduces to the criterion for dynamical stability \begin{equation} \Gamma_1 > \frac{4}{3},\cdot \end{equation} Stability of the thermodynamical equilibrium demands \begin{equation} \chi^{}\rho > 0, ;; c_v > 0, , \end{equation} and \begin{equation} \chi^{}T > 0 \end{equation} holds for a wide range of physical situations. With \begin{eqnarray} \Gamma_3 - 1 = \frac{P}{\rho T} \frac{\chi^{}T}{c_v}&>&0\ \Gamma_1 = \chi\rho^{} + \chi_T^{} (\Gamma_3 -1)&>&0\ \nabla{\mathrm{ad}} = \frac{\Gamma_3 - 1}{\Gamma_1} &>&0 \end{eqnarray} we find the sign determining terms in inequalities (\ref{ZSSecSta}) and (\ref{ZSVibSta}) respectively and obtain the following form of the criteria for dynamical, secular and vibrational stability, respectively: \begin{eqnarray} 3 \Gamma_1 - 4 =: S{\mathrm{dyn}} > & 0 & \label{DynSta} \ \frac{ 1- 3/4 \chi^{}\rho }{ \chi^{}T } ( \kappa^{}T - 4 ) + \kappa^{}P + 1 =: S{\mathrm{sec}} > & 0 & \label{SecSta} \ 4 \nabla{\mathrm{ad}} - (\nabla{\mathrm{ad}} \kappa^{}T + \kappa^{}P) - \frac{4}{3 \Gamma_1} =: S{\mathrm{vib}} > & 0,.& \label{VibSta} \end{eqnarray} The constitutive relations are to be evaluated for the unperturbed thermodynamic state (say $(\rho_0, T_0)$) of the zone. We see that the one-zone stability of the layer depends only on the constitutive relations $\Gamma_1$, $\nabla{\mathrm{ad}}$, $\chi_T^{},,\chi\rho^{}$, $\kappa_P^{},,\kappa_T^{}$. These depend only on the unperturbed thermodynamical state of the layer. Therefore the above relations define the one-zone-stability equations of state $S_{\mathrm{dyn}},,S_{\mathrm{sec}}$ and $S_{\mathrm{vib}}$. See == [@fig:FigVibStab] == Fig. \ref{fig:FigVibStab} for a picture of $S_{\mathrm{vib}}$. Regions of secular instability are listed in Table 1.
Conclusions
- The conditions for the stability of static, radiative layers in gas spheres, as described by Baker's (\citeyear{DudaHart2nd}) standard one-zone model, can be expressed as stability equations of state. These stability equations of state depend only on the local thermodynamic state of the layer.
- If the constitutive relations -- equations of state and Rosseland mean opacities -- are specified, the stability equations of state can be evaluated without specifying properties of the layer.
- For solar composition gas the $\kappa$-mechanism is working in the regions of the ice and dust features in the opacities, the $\mathrm{H}_2$ dissociation and the combined H, first He ionization zone, as indicated by vibrational instability. These regions of instability are much larger in extent and degree of instability than the second He ionization zone that drives the Cephe\text{"\i}d pulsations.
%% Beginning of file 'sample631.tex' %% %% Modified 2021 March %% %% This is a sample manuscript marked up using the %% AASTeX v6.31 LaTeX 2e macros. %% %% AASTeX is now based on Alexey Vikhlinin's emulateapj.cls %% (Copyright 2000-2015). See the classfile for details.
%% AASTeX requires revtex4-1.cls and other external packages such as %% latexsym, graphicx, amssymb, longtable, and epsf. Note that as of %% Oct 2020, APS now uses revtex4.2e for its journals but remember that %% AASTeX v6+ still uses v4.1. All of these external packages should %% already be present in the modern TeX distributions but not always. %% For example, revtex4.1 seems to be missing in the linux version of %% TexLive 2020. One should be able to get all packages from www.ctan.org. %% In particular, revtex v4.1 can be found at %% https://www.ctan.org/pkg/revtex4-1.
%% The first piece of markup in an AASTeX v6.x document is the \documentclass %% command. LaTeX will ignore any data that comes before this command. The %% documentclass can take an optional argument to modify the output style. %% The command below calls the preprint style which will produce a tightly %% typeset, one-column, single-spaced document. It is the default and thus %% does not need to be explicitly stated. %% %% using aastex version 6.3 \documentclass[linenumbers]{aastex631}
%% The default is a single spaced, 10 point font, single spaced article.
%% There are 5 other style options available via an optional argument. They
%% can be invoked like this:
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%% \documentclass[arguments]{aastex631}
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%% where the layout options are:
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%% This is the most compact and represent the final published
%% derived PDF copy of the accepted manuscript from the publisher
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%% preprint2 : two text columns, 12 point font, single spaced article.
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%% Foreman-Mackey and David Hogg design.
%% RNAAS : Supresses an abstract. Originally for RNAAS manuscripts
%% but now that abstracts are required this is obsolete for
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%% astrosymb : Loads Astrosymb font and define \astrocommands.
%% tighten : Makes baselineskip slightly smaller, only works with
%% the twocolumn substyle.
%% times : uses times font instead of the default
%% linenumbers : turn on lineno package.
%% trackchanges : required to see the revision mark up and print its output
%% longauthor : Do not use the more compressed footnote style (default) for
%% the author/collaboration/affiliations. Instead print all
%% affiliation information after each name. Creates a much
%% longer author list but may be desirable for short
%% author papers.
%% twocolappendix : make 2 column appendix.
%% anonymous : Do not show the authors, affiliations and acknowledgments
%% for dual anonymous review.
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%% these can be used in any combination, e.g.
%%
%% \documentclass[twocolumn,linenumbers,trackchanges]{aastex631}
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%% AASTeX v6.* now includes \hyperref support. While we have built in specific
%% defaults into the classfile you can manually override them with the
%% \hypersetup command. For example,
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%% \hypersetup{linkcolor=red,citecolor=green,filecolor=cyan,urlcolor=magenta}
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%% https://www.tug.org/applications/hyperref/manual.html#x1-40003
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%% If you want to create your own macros, you can do so
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\newcommand{\vdag}{(v)^\dagger}
\newcommand\aastex{AAS\TeX}
\newcommand\latex{La\TeX}
%% Reintroduced the \received and \accepted commands from AASTeX v5.2 %\received{March 1, 2021} %\revised{April 1, 2021} %\accepted{\today}
%% Command to document which AAS Journal the manuscript was submitted to. %% Adds "Submitted to " the argument. %\submitjournal{PSJ}
%% For manuscript that include authors in collaborations, AASTeX v6.31 %% builds on the \collaboration command to allow greater freedom to %% keep the traditional author+affiliation information but only show %% subsets. The \collaboration command now must appear AFTER the group %% of authors in the collaboration and it takes TWO arguments. The last %% is still the collaboration identifier. The text given in this %% argument is what will be shown in the manuscript. The first argument %% is the number of author above the \collaboration command to show with %% the collaboration text. If there are authors that are not part of any %% collaboration the \nocollaboration command is used. This command takes %% one argument which is also the number of authors above to show. A %% dashed line is shown to indicate no collaboration. This example manuscript %% shows how these commands work to display specific set of authors %% on the front page. %% %% For manuscript without any need to use \collaboration the %% \AuthorCollaborationLimit command from v6.2 can still be used to %% show a subset of authors. % %\AuthorCollaborationLimit=2 % %% will only show Schwarz & Muench on the front page of the manuscript %% (assuming the \collaboration and \nocollaboration commands are %% commented out). %% %% Note that all of the author will be shown in the published article. %% This feature is meant to be used prior to acceptance to make the %% front end of a long author article more manageable. Please do not use %% this functionality for manuscripts with less than 20 authors. Conversely, %% please do use this when the number of authors exceeds 40. %% %% Use \allauthors at the manuscript end to show the full author list. %% This command should only be used with \AuthorCollaborationLimit is used.
%% The following command can be used to set the latex table counters. It %% is needed in this document because it uses a mix of latex tabular and %% AASTeX deluxetables. In general it should not be needed. %\setcounter{table}{1}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% The following section outlines numerous optional output that %% can be displayed in the front matter or as running meta-data. %% %% If you wish, you may supply running head information, although %% this information may be modified by the editorial offices. \shorttitle{AASTeX v6.31 Sample article} \shortauthors{Schwarz et al.} %% %% You can add a light gray and diagonal water-mark to the first page %% with this command: %% \watermark{text} %% where "text", e.g. DRAFT, is the text to appear. If the text is %% long you can control the water-mark size with: %% \setwatermarkfontsize{dimension} %% where dimension is any recognized LaTeX dimension, e.g. pt, in, etc. %% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \graphicspath{{./}{figures/}} %% This is the end of the preamble. Indicate the beginning of the %% manuscript itself with \begin{document}.
\begin{document}
\title{Template \aastex Article with Examples: v6.31\footnote{Released on March, 1st, 2021}}
%% LaTeX will automatically break titles if they run longer than %% one line. However, you may use \ to force a line break if %% you desire. In v6.31 you can include a footnote in the title.
%% A significant change from earlier AASTEX versions is in the structure for %% calling author and affiliations. The change was necessary to implement %% auto-indexing of affiliations which prior was a manual process that could %% easily be tedious in large author manuscripts. %% %% The \author command is the same as before except it now takes an optional %% argument which is the 16 digit ORCID. The syntax is: %% \author[xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx]{Author Name} %% %% This will hyperlink the author name to the author's ORCID page. Note that %% during compilation, LaTeX will do some limited checking of the format of %% the ID to make sure it is valid. If the "orcid-ID.png" image file is %% present or in the LaTeX pathway, the OrcID icon will appear next to %% the authors name. %% %% Use \affiliation for affiliation information. The old \affil is now aliased %% to \affiliation. AASTeX v6.31 will automatically index these in the header. %% When a duplicate is found its index will be the same as its previous entry. %% %% Note that \altaffilmark and \altaffiltext have been removed and thus %% can not be used to document secondary affiliations. If they are used latex %% will issue a specific error message and quit. Please use multiple %% \affiliation calls for to document more than one affiliation. %% %% The new \altaffiliation can be used to indicate some secondary information %% such as fellowships. This command produces a non-numeric footnote that is %% set away from the numeric \affiliation footnotes. NOTE that if an %% \altaffiliation command is used it must come BEFORE the \affiliation call, %% right after the \author command, in order to place the footnotes in %% the proper location. %% %% Use \email to set provide email addresses. Each \email will appear on its %% own line so you can put multiple email address in one \email call. A new %% \correspondingauthor command is available in V6.31 to identify the %% corresponding author of the manuscript. It is the author's responsibility %% to make sure this name is also in the author list. %% %% While authors can be grouped inside the same \author and \affiliation %% commands it is better to have a single author for each. This allows for %% one to exploit all the new benefits and should make book-keeping easier. %% %% If done correctly the peer review system will be able to %% automatically put the author and affiliation information from the manuscript %% and save the corresponding author the trouble of entering it by hand.
%\correspondingauthor{August Muench} %\email{greg.schwarz@aas.org, gus.muench@aas.org}
\author[0000-0002-0786-7307]{Greg J. Schwarz} \affiliation{American Astronomical Society \ 1667 K Street NW, Suite 800 \ Washington, DC 20006, USA}
\author{August Muench} \affiliation{American Astronomical Society \ 1667 K Street NW, Suite 800 \ Washington, DC 20006, USA}
\collaboration{6}{(AAS Journals Data Editors)}
\author{Butler Burton} \affiliation{Leiden University} \affiliation{AAS Journals Associate Editor-in-Chief}
\author{Amy Hendrickson} \altaffiliation{AASTeX v6+ programmer} \affiliation{TeXnology Inc.}
\author{Julie Steffen} \affiliation{AAS Director of Publishing} \affiliation{American Astronomical Society \ 1667 K Street NW, Suite 800 \ Washington, DC 20006, USA}
\author{Magaret Donnelly} \affiliation{IOP Publishing, Washington, DC 20005}
%% Note that the \and command from previous versions of AASTeX is now %% depreciated in this version as it is no longer necessary. AASTeX %% automatically takes care of all commas and "and"s between authors names.
%% AASTeX 6.31 has the new \collaboration and \nocollaboration commands to %% provide the collaboration status of a group of authors. These commands %% can be used either before or after the list of corresponding authors. The %% argument for \collaboration is the collaboration identifier. Authors are %% encouraged to surround collaboration identifiers with ()s. The %% \nocollaboration command takes no argument and exists to indicate that %% the nearby authors are not part of surrounding collaborations.
%% Mark off the abstract in the ``abstract'' environment. \begin{abstract}
This example manuscript is intended to serve as a tutorial and template for authors to use when writing their own AAS Journal articles. The manuscript includes a history of \aastex\ and documents the new features in the previous versions as well as the bug fixes in version 6.31. This manuscript includes many figure and table examples to illustrate these new features. Information on features not explicitly mentioned in the article can be viewed in the manuscript comments or more extensive online documentation. Authors are welcome replace the text, tables, figures, and bibliography with their own and submit the resulting manuscript to the AAS Journals peer review system. The first lesson in the tutorial is to remind authors that the AAS Journals, the Astrophysical Journal (ApJ), the Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL), the Astronomical Journal (AJ), and the Planetary Science Journal (PSJ) all have a 250 word limit for the abstract\footnote{Abstracts for Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society (RNAAS) are limited to 150 words}. If you exceed this length the Editorial office will ask you to shorten it. This abstract has 182 words.
\end{abstract}
%% Keywords should appear after the \end{abstract} command. %% The AAS Journals now uses Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: %% https://astrothesaurus.org %% You will be asked to selected these concepts during the submission process %% but this old "keyword" functionality is maintained in case authors want %% to include these concepts in their preprints. \keywords{Classical Novae (251) --- Ultraviolet astronomy(1736) --- History of astronomy(1868) --- Interdisciplinary astronomy(804)}
%% From the front matter, we move on to the body of the paper. %% Sections are demarcated by \section and \subsection, respectively. %% Observe the use of the LaTeX \label %% command after the \subsection to give a symbolic KEY to the %% subsection for cross-referencing in a \ref command. %% You can use LaTeX's \ref and \label commands to keep track of %% cross-references to sections, equations, tables, and figures. %% That way, if you change the order of any elements, LaTeX will %% automatically renumber them. %% %% We recommend that authors also use the natbib \citep %% and \citet commands to identify citations. The citations are %% tied to the reference list via symbolic KEYs. The KEY corresponds %% to the KEY in the \bibitem in the reference list below.
\section{Introduction} \label{sec:intro}
\latex\ \footnote{\url{http://www.latex-project.org/}} is a document markup
language that is particularly well suited for the publication of
mathematical and scientific articles \citep{lamport94}. \latex\ was written
in 1985 by Leslie Lamport who based it on the \TeX\ typesetting language
which itself was created by Donald E. Knuth in 1978. In 1988 a suite of
\latex\ macros were developed to investigate electronic submission and
publication of AAS Journal articles \citep{1989BAAS...21..780H}. Shortly
afterwards, Chris Biemesdefer merged these macros and more into a \latex
2.08 style file called \aastex. These early \aastex\ versions introduced
many common commands and practices that authors take for granted today.
Substantial revisions
were made by Lee Brotzman and Pierre Landau when the package was updated to
v4.0. AASTeX v5.0, written in 1995 by Arthur Ogawa, upgraded to \latex\ 2e
which uses the document class in lieu of a style file. Other improvements
to version 5 included hypertext support, landscape deluxetables and
improved figure support to facilitate electronic submission.
\aastex\ v5.2 was released in 2005 and introduced additional graphics
support plus new mark up to identifier astronomical objects, datasets and
facilities.
In 1996 Maxim Markevitch modified the AAS preprint style file, aaspp4.sty, to closely emulate the very tight, two column style of a typeset Astrophysical Journal article. The result was emulateapj.sty. A year later Alexey Vikhlinin took over development and maintenance. In 2001 he converted emulateapj into a class file in \latex\ 2e and in 2003 Vikhlinin completely rewrote emulateapj based on the APS Journal's RevTEX class.
During this time emulateapj gained growing acceptance in the astronomical community as it filled an author need to obtain an approximate number of manuscript pages prior to submission for cost and length estimates. The tighter typeset also had the added advantage of saving paper when printing out hard copies.
Even though author publication charges are no longer based on print pages \footnote{see Section \ref{sec:pubcharge} in the Appendix for more details about how current article costs are calculated.} the emulateapj class file has proven to be extremely popular with AAS Journal authors. An analysis of submitted \latex\ manuscripts in 2015 revealed that $\sim$65% either called emulateapj or have a commented emulateapj classfile call indicating it was used at some stage of the manuscript construction. Clearly authors want to have access to a tightly typeset version of the article when corresponding with co-authors and for preprint submissions.
When planning the next \aastex\ release the popularity of emulateapj played
an important roll in the decision to drop the old base code and adopt and
modify emulateapj for \aastex\ v6.+ instead. The change brings \aastex
inline with what the majority of authors are already using while still
delivering new and improved features. \aastex\ v6.0 through v6.31 were
written by Amy Hendrickson. The release dates were January 2016 (v6.0),
October 2016 (v6.1), January 2018 (v6.2), June 2019 (v6.3), and March 2010
(v6.31) respectively.
The new features in the recent releases includes:
\begin{itemize} \item{v6.0} \begin{enumerate} \item line numbering and watermarking, \item improved citations for third party data repositories and software, \item easier construction of matrix figures consisting of multiple encapsulated postscript (EPS) or portable document format (PDF) files, \item figure set mark up for large collections of similar figures, \item color mark up to easily enable/disable revised text highlighting, \item improved url support, and \item numerous table options such as the ability to hide columns, column decimal alignment, automatic column math mode and numbering, plus splitting of wide tables (see Section \ref{subsec:tables} for details). \end{enumerate} \item{v6.1} \begin{enumerate} \item ORCID support for preprints, \item improved author, affiliation and collaboration mark up, \item reintroduced the old AASTeX v5.2 {\tt\string\received}, {\tt\string\revised}, {\tt\string\accepted}, and {\tt\string\published} commands plus added the new {\tt\string\submitjournal} command to document which AAS Journal the manuscript was submitted to, plus \item new typeset style options including {\tt\string modern}. \end{enumerate} \item{v6.2} \begin{enumerate} \item A new RNAAS style option for Research Note manuscripts, \item Titles no longer put in all caps, \item No page skip between the title page and article body, \item re-introduce RevTeX's widetext environment for long lines in two column style formats, and \item upgrade to the {\tt\string\doi} command. \end{enumerate} \item{v6.3} \begin{enumerate} \item New {\tt\string interactive} environment to highlight interactive figures (see Section \ref{animation}), \item Improved collaboration commands, \item New {\tt\string anonymous} style to keep the authors, affiliations and acknowledgments from showing in the compiled pdf for dual anonymous review, and \item Adoptions of IAU approved syntax for nominal units, see Section \ref{nominal}. \end{enumerate} \item{v6.31} \begin{enumerate} \item Fixes a bug in the {\tt\string anonymous} style for dual anonymous review. \item Improves line numbering with the {\tt\string linenumbers} style around equations due to the amsmath and lineno package compatibility issues. \item Depreciate the {\tt\string \acknowledgment} command in favor of the {\tt\string acknowledgment} environment. \end{enumerate} \end{itemize}
The rest of this article provides information and examples on how to create your own AAS Journal manuscript with v6.31. Special emphasis is placed on how to use the full potential of \aastex\ v6+. The next section describes the different manuscript styles available and how they differ from past releases. Section \ref{sec:floats} describes table and figure placement. Specific examples of tables, Section \ref{subsec:tables}, and figures, Section \ref{subsec:figures}, are also provided. A special emphasis is placed on interactive figures. Section \ref{sec:displaymath} discusses how to display math and incorporate equations in a manuscript while Section \ref{sec:highlight} discuss how to use different ways to highlight revisions. The last section, \ref{sec:cite}, shows how recognize software and external data as first class references in the manuscript bibliography. An appendix is included for additional information readers might find useful. More documentation is embedded in the comments of this \latex\ file and in the online documentation at \url{http://journals.aas.org/authors/aastex.html}.
\section{Manuscript styles} \label{sec:style}
The default style in \aastex\ v6.31 is a tight single column style, e.g. 10 point font, single spaced. The single column style is very useful for article with wide equations. It is also the easiest to style to work with since figures and tables, see Section \ref{sec:floats}, will span the entire page, reducing the need for address float sizing.
To invoke a two column style similar to the what is produced in the published PDF copy use \
\noindent {\tt\string\documentclass[twocolumn]{aastex631}}. \
\noindent Note that in the two column style figures and tables will only span one column unless specifically ordered across both with the ``*'' flag, e.g. \
\noindent{\tt\string\begin{figure*}} ... {\tt\string\end{figure*}}, \ \noindent{\tt\string\begin{table*}} ... {\tt\string\end{table*}}, and \ \noindent{\tt\string\begin{deluxetable*}} ... {\tt\string\end{deluxetable*}}. \
\noindent This option is ignored in the onecolumn style.
Some other style options are outlined in the commented sections of this article. Any combination of style options can be used.
Two style options that are needed to fully use the new revision tracking feature, see Section \ref{sec:highlight}, are {\tt\string linenumbers} which uses the lineno style file to number each article line in the left margin and {\tt\string trackchanges} which controls the revision and commenting highlight output.
There is also a new {\tt\string modern} option that uses a Daniel Foreman-Mackey and David Hogg design to produce stylish, single column output that has wider left and right margins. It is designed to have fewer words per line to improve reader retention. It also looks better on devices with smaller displays such as smart phones.
The {\tt\string anonymous} option will prevent the author and affiliations from being shown in the compiled pdf copy. This option allows the author to keep this critical information in the latex file but prevent the reviewer from seeing it during peer review if dual anonymous review (DAR) is requested. Likewise, acknowledgments can also be hidden if placed in the new {\tt\string\begin{acknowledgments}} ... {\tt\string\end{acknowledgments}} environment. The use of this option is highly recommended for PSJ submissions. Advice for anonymizing your manuscript for DAR is provided at \url{https://journals.aas.org/manuscript-preparation/#dar}.
\section{Floats} \label{sec:floats}
Floats are non-text items that generally can not be split over a page. They also have captions and can be numbered for reference. Primarily these are figures and tables but authors can define their own. \latex\ tries to place a float where indicated in the manuscript but will move it later if there is not enough room at that location, hence the term ``float''.
Authors are encouraged to embed their tables and figures within the text as they are mentioned. Please do not place the figures and text at the end of the article as was the old practice. Editors and the vast majority of referees find it much easier to read a manuscript with embedded figures and tables.
Depending on the number of floats and the particular amount of text and equations present in a manuscript the ultimate location of any specific float can be hard to predict prior to compilation. It is recommended that authors textbf{not} spend significant time trying to get float placement perfect for peer review. The AAS Journal's publisher has sophisticated typesetting software that will produce the optimal layout during production.
Note that authors of Research Notes are only allowed one float, either one table or one figure.
For authors that do want to take the time to optimize the locations of
their floats there are some techniques that can be used. The simplest
solution is to placing a float earlier in the text to get the position
right but this option will break down if the manuscript is altered.
A better method is to force \latex\ to place a
float in a general area with the use of the optional {\tt\string [placement
specifier]} parameter for figures and tables. This parameter goes after
{\tt\string \begin{figure}}, {\tt\string \begin{table}}, and
{\tt\string \begin{deluxetable}}. The main arguments the specifier takes
are h'', t'', b'', and !''. These tell \latex\ to place the float
\underline{h}ere (or as close as possible to this location as possible), at
the \underline{t}op of the page, and at the \underline{b}ottom of the page.
The last argument, ``!'', tells \latex\ to override its internal method of
calculating the float position. A sequence of rules can be created by
using multiple arguments. For example, {\tt\string \begin{figure}[htb!]}
tells \latex\ to try the current location first, then the top of the page
and finally the bottom of the page without regard to what it thinks the
proper position should be. Many of the tables and figures in this article
use a placement specifier to set their positions.
Note that the \latex\ {\tt\string tabular} environment is not a float. Only when a {\tt\string tabular} is surrounded by {\tt\string\begin{table}} ... {\tt\string\end{table}} is it a true float and the rules and suggestions above apply.
In AASTeX v6.31 all deluxetables are float tables and thus if they are longer than a page will spill off the bottom. Long deluxetables should begin with the {\tt\string\startlongtable} command. This initiates a longtable environment. Authors might have to use {\tt\string\clearpage} to isolate a long table or optimally place it within the surrounding text.
\subsection{Tables} \label{subsec:tables}
Tables can be constructed with \latex's standard table environment or the \aastex's deluxetable environment. The deluxetable construct handles long tables better but has a larger overhead due to the greater amount of defined mark up used set up and manipulate the table structure. The choice of which to use is up to the author. Examples of both environments are used in this manuscript.
Tables longer than 200 data lines and complex tables should only have a short example table with the full data set available in the machine readable format. The machine readable table will be available in the HTML version of the article with just a short example in the PDF. Authors are required to indicate in the table comments that the data in machine readable format in the full article. Authors are encouraged to create their own machine readable tables using the online tool at \url{http://authortools.aas.org/MRT/upload.html}.
\aastex\ v6 introduced five new table features that were designed to make table construction easier and the resulting display better for AAS Journal authors. The items are:
\begin{enumerate} \item Declaring math mode in specific columns, \item Column decimal alignment, \item Automatic column header numbering, \item Hiding columns, and \item Splitting wide tables into two or three parts. \end{enumerate}
Full details on how to create each type are given in the following sections. Additional details are available in the AASTeX guidelines at \url{http://journals.aas.org/authors/aastex.html}
\subsubsection{Column math mode}
Both the \latex\ tabular and \aastex\ deluxetable require an argument to
define the alignment and number of columns. The most common values are
c'', l'' and r'' for \underline{c}enter, \underline{l}eft, and \underline{r}ight justification. If these values are capitalized, e.g. C'', L'', or R'', then that specific column will automatically be in math
mode meaning that $s are not required. Note that having embedded dollar
signs in the table does not affect the output.
\subsubsection{Decimal alignment}
Aligning a column by the decimal point can be difficult with only center, left, and right justification options. It is possible to use phantom calls in the data, e.g. {\tt\string\phn}, to align columns by hand but this can be tedious in long or complex tables. To address this \aastex\ introduces the {\tt\string\decimals} command and a new column justification option, ``D'', to align data in that column on the decimal. In deluxetable the {\tt\string\decimals} command is invoked before the {\tt\string\startdata} call but can be anywhere in \latex's tabular environment.
Two other important thing to note when using decimal alignment is that each
decimal column \textit{must end with a space before the ampersand}, e.g.
\&\&'' is not allowed. Empty decimal columns are indicated with a decimal, e.g. .''. Do not use deluxetable's {\tt\string\nodata} command.
The ``D'' alignment token works by splitting the column into two parts on the decimal. While this is invisible to the user one must be aware of how it works so that the headers are accounted for correctly. All decimal column headers need to span two columns to get the alignment correct. This can be done with a multicolumn call, e.g {\tt\string\multicolumn2c{}} or {\tt\string\multicolumn{2}{c}{}}, or use the new {\tt\string\twocolhead{}} command in deluxetable. Since \latex\ is splitting these columns into two it is important to get the table width right so that they appear joined on the page. You may have to run the \latex\ compiler twice to get it right.
\subsubsection{Automatic column header numbering} \label{subsubsec:autonumber}
The command {\tt\string\colnumbers} can be included to automatically number each column as the last row in the header. Per the AAS Journal table format standards, each column index numbers will be surrounded by parentheses. In a \latex\ tabular environment the {\tt\string\colnumbers} should be invoked at the location where the author wants the numbers to appear, e.g. after the last line of specified table header rows. In deluxetable this command has to come before {\tt\string\startdata}. {\tt\string\colnumbers} will not increment for columns hidden by the ``h'' command, see Section \ref{subsubsec:hide}.
Note that when using decimal alignment in a table the command {\tt\string\decimalcolnumbers} must be used instead of {\tt\string\colnumbers} and {\tt\string\decimals}.
\subsubsection{Hiding columns} \label{subsubsec:hide}
Entire columns can be \underline{h}idden from display simply by changing
the specified column identifier to h''. In the \latex\ tabular environment this column identifier conceals the entire column including the header columns. In \aastex's deluxetables the header row is specifically declared with the {\tt\string\tablehead} call and each header column is marked with {\tt\string\colhead} call. In order to make a specific header disappear with the h'' column identifier in deluxetable use
{\tt\string\nocolhead} instead to suppress that particular column header.
Authors can use this option in many different ways. Since column data can be easily suppressed authors can include extra information and hid it based on the comments of co-authors or referees. For wide tables that will have a machine readable version, authors could put all the information in the \latex\ table but use this option to hid as many columns as needed until it fits on a page. This concealed column table would serve as the example table for the full machine readable version. Regardless of how columns are obscured, authors are responsible for removing any unneeded column data or alerting the editorial office about how to treat these columns during production for the final typeset article.
Table \ref{tab:messier} provides some basic information about the first ten Messier Objects and illustrates how many of these new features can be used together. It has automatic column numbering, decimal alignment of the distances, and one concealed column. The Common name column is the third in the \latex\ deluxetable but does not appear when the article is compiled. This hidden column can be shown simply by changing the ``h'' in the column identifier preamble to another valid value. This table also uses {\tt\string\tablenum} to renumber the table because a \latex\ tabular table was inserted before it.
\begin{deluxetable*}{cchlDlc} \tablenum{1} \tablecaption{Fun facts about the first 10 messier objects\label{tab:messier}} \tablewidth{0pt} \tablehead{ \colhead{Messier} & \colhead{NGC/IC} & \nocolhead{Common} & \colhead{Object} & \multicolumn2c{Distance} & \colhead{} & \colhead{V} \ \colhead{Number} & \colhead{Number} & \nocolhead{Name} & \colhead{Type} & \multicolumn2c{(kpc)} & \colhead{Constellation} & \colhead{(mag)} } \decimalcolnumbers \startdata M1 & NGC 1952 & Crab Nebula & Supernova remnant & 2 & Taurus & 8.4 \ M2 & NGC 7089 & Messier 2 & Cluster, globular & 11.5 & Aquarius & 6.3 \ M3 & NGC 5272 & Messier 3 & Cluster, globular & 10.4 & Canes Venatici & 6.2 \ M4 & NGC 6121 & Messier 4 & Cluster, globular & 2.2 & Scorpius & 5.9 \ M5 & NGC 5904 & Messier 5 & Cluster, globular & 24.5 & Serpens & 5.9 \ M6 & NGC 6405 & Butterfly Cluster & Cluster, open & 0.31 & Scorpius & 4.2 \ M7 & NGC 6475 & Ptolemy Cluster & Cluster, open & 0.3 & Scorpius & 3.3 \ M8 & NGC 6523 & Lagoon Nebula & Nebula with cluster & 1.25 & Sagittarius & 6.0 \ M9 & NGC 6333 & Messier 9 & Cluster, globular & 7.91 & Ophiuchus & 8.4 \ M10 & NGC 6254 & Messier 10 & Cluster, globular & 4.42 & Ophiuchus & 6.4 \ \enddata \tablecomments{This table ``hides'' the third column in the \latex\ when compiled. The Distance is also centered on the decimals. Note that when using decimal alignment you need to include the {\tt\string\decimals} command before {\tt\string\startdata} and all of the values in that column have to have a space before the next ampersand.} \end{deluxetable*}
\subsubsection{Splitting a table into multiple horizontal components}
Since the AAS Journals are now all electronic with no print version there is
no reason why tables can not be as wide as authors need them to be.
However, there are some artificial limitations based on the width of a
print page. The old way around this limitation was to rotate into
landscape mode and use the smallest available table font
sizes, e.g. {\tt\string\tablewidth}, to get the table to fit.
Unfortunately, this was not always enough but now along with the hide column
option outlined in Section \ref{subsubsec:hide} there is a new way to break
a table into two or three components so that it flows down a page by
invoking a new table type, splittabular or splitdeluxetable. Within these
tables a new B'' column separator is introduced. Much like the vertical bar option, $\vert$'', that produces a vertical table lines
the new B'' separator indicates where to \underline{B}reak a table. Up to two B''s may be included.
Table 2 % \ref{tab:deluxesplit} this freaks it out when it is used! shows how to split a wide deluxetable into three parts with the {\tt\string\splitdeluxetable} command. The {\tt\string\colnumbers} option is on to show how the automatic column numbering carries through the second table component, see Section \ref{subsubsec:autonumber}.
\begin{splitdeluxetable*}{lccccBcccccBcccc} \tabletypesize{\scriptsize} \tablewidth{0pt} \tablenum{5} \tablecaption{Measurements of Emission Lines: two breaks \label{tab:deluxesplit}} \tablehead{ \colhead{Model} & \colhead{Component}& \colhead{Shift} & \colhead{FWHM} & \multicolumn{10}{c}{Flux} \ \colhead{} & \colhead{} & \colhead{($\rm km~s^{-1}$)}& \colhead{($\rm km~s^{-1}$)} & \multicolumn{10}{c}{($\rm 10^{-17}~erg~s^{-1}~cm^{-2}$)} \ \cline{5-14} \colhead{} & \colhead{} & \colhead{} & \colhead{} & \colhead{Ly$\alpha$} & \colhead{N,{\footnotesize V}} & \colhead{Si,{\footnotesize IV}} & \colhead{C,{\footnotesize IV}} & \colhead{Mg,{\footnotesize II}} & \colhead{H$\gamma$} & \colhead{H$\beta$} & \colhead{H$\alpha$} & \colhead{He,{\footnotesize I}} & \colhead{Pa$\gamma$} } \colnumbers \startdata { }& BELs& -97.13 & 9117$\pm 38$& 1033$\pm 33$&$< 35$&$< 166$& 637$\pm 31$& 1951$\pm 26$& 991$\pm 30$& 3502$\pm 42$& 20285$\pm 80$& 2025$\pm 116$& 1289$\pm 107$\ {Model 1}& IELs& -4049.123 & 1974$\pm 22$& 2495$\pm 30$&$< 42$&$< 109$& 995$\pm 186$& 83$\pm 30$& 75$\pm 23$& 130$\pm 25$& 357$\pm 94$& 194$\pm 64$& 36$\pm 23$\ { }& NELs& \nodata & 641$\pm 4$& 449$\pm 23$&$< 6$&$< 9$& -- & 275$\pm 18$& 150$\pm 11$& 313$\pm 12$& 958$\pm 43$& 318$\pm 34$& 151$\pm 17$\ \hline { }& BELs& -85 & 8991$\pm 41$& 988$\pm 29$&$< 24$&$< 173$& 623$\pm 28$& 1945$\pm 29$& 989$\pm 27$& 3498$\pm 37$& 20288$\pm 73$& 2047$\pm 143$& 1376$\pm 167$\ {Model 2}& IELs& -51000 & 2025$\pm 26$& 2494$\pm 32$&$< 37$&$< 124$& 1005$\pm 190$& 72$\pm 28$& 72$\pm 21$& 113$\pm 18$& 271$\pm 85$& 205$\pm 72$& 34$\pm 21$\ { }& NELs& 52 & 637$\pm 10$& 477$\pm 17$&$< 4$&$< 8$& -- & 278$\pm 17$& 153$\pm 10$& 317$\pm 15$& 969$\pm 40$& 325$\pm 37$& 147$\pm 22$\ \enddata \tablecomments{This is an example of how to split a deluxetable. You can split any table with this command into two or three parts. The location of the split is given by the author based on the placement of the ``B'' indicators in the column identifier preamble. For more information please look at the new \aastex\ instructions.} \end{splitdeluxetable*}
\subsection{Figures\label{subsec:figures}}
%% The "ht!" tells LaTeX to put the figure "here" first, at the "top" next %% and to override the normal way of calculating a float position \begin{figure}[ht!] \plotone{cost.pdf} \caption{The subscription (squares) and author publication (asterisks) costs from 1991 to 2013. Subscription cost are on the left Y axis while the author costs are on the right Y axis. All numbers in US dollars and adjusted for inflation. The author charges also account for the change from page charges to digital quanta in April 2011. \label{fig:general}} \end{figure}
Authors can include a wide number of different graphics with their articles but encapsulated postscript (EPS) or portable document format (PDF) are encouraged. These range from general figures all authors are familiar with to new enhanced graphics that can only be fully experienced in HTML. The later include figure sets, animations and interactive figures. All enhanced graphics require a static two dimensional representation in the manuscript to serve as the example for the reader. All figures should include detailed and descriptive captions. These captions are absolutely critical for readers for whom the enhanced figure is inaccessible either due to a disability or offline access. This portion of the article provides examples for setting up all these types in with the latest version of \aastex.
\subsection{General figures\label{subsec:general}}
\aastex\ has a {\tt\string\plotone} command to display a figure consisting of one EPS/PDF file. Figure \ref{fig:general} is an example which shows the approximate changes in the subscription costs and author publication charges from 1991 to 2013 in the AAS Journals. For a general figure consisting of two EPS/PDF files the {\tt\string\plottwo} command can be used to position the two image files side by side.
Both {\tt\string\plotone} and {\tt\string\plottwo} take a {\tt\string\caption} and an optional {\tt\string\figurenum} command to specify the figure number\footnote{It is better to not use {\tt\string\figurenum} and let \latex\ auto-increment all the figures. If you do use this command you need to mark all of them accordingly.}. Each is based on the {\tt\string graphicx} package command, {\tt\string\includegraphics}. Authors are welcome to use {\tt\string\includegraphics} along with its optional arguments that control the height, width, scale, and position angle of a file within the figure. More information on the full usage of {\tt\string\includegraphics} can be found at \break \url{https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Importing_Graphics#Including_graphics}.
\subsection{Grid figures}
Including more than two EPS/PDF files in a single figure call can be tricky to easily format. To make the process easier for authors \aastex\ v6 offers {\tt\string\gridline} which allows any number of individual EPS/PDF file calls within a single figure. Each file cited in a {\tt\string\gridline} will be displayed in a row. By adding more {\tt\string\gridline} calls an author can easily construct a matrix X by Y individual files as a single general figure.
For each {\tt\string\gridline} command a EPS/PDF file is called by one of four different commands. These are {\tt\string\fig}, {\tt\string\rightfig}, {\tt\string\leftfig}, and {\tt\string\boxedfig}. The first file call specifies no image position justification while the next two will right and left justify the image, respectively. The {\tt\string\boxedfig} is similar to {\tt\string\fig} except that a box is drawn around the figure file when displayed. Each of these commands takes three arguments. The first is the file name. The second is the width that file should be displayed at. While any natural \latex\ unit is allowed, it is recommended that author use fractional units with the {\tt\string\textwidth}. The last argument is text for a subcaption.
Figure \ref{fig:pyramid} shows an inverted pyramid of individual figure constructed with six individual EPS files using the {\tt\string\gridline} option.
\begin{figure*} \gridline{\fig{V2491_Cyg.pdf}{0.3\textwidth}{(a)} \fig{HV_Cet.pdf}{0.3\textwidth}{(b)} \fig{LMC_2009.pdf}{0.3\textwidth}{(c)} } \gridline{\fig{RS_Oph.pdf}{0.3\textwidth}{(d)} \fig{U_Sco.pdf}{0.3\textwidth}{(e)} } \gridline{\fig{KT_Eri.pdf}{0.3\textwidth}{(f)}} \caption{Inverted pyramid figure of six individual files. The nova are (a) V2491 Cyg, (b) HV Cet, (c) LMC 2009, (d) RS Oph, (e) U Sco, and (f) KT Eri. These individual figures are taken from \citet{2011ApJS..197...31S}. \label{fig:pyramid}} \end{figure*}
\subsection{Enhanced graphics}
Enhanced graphics have an example figure to serve as an example for the reader and the full graphical item available in the published HTML article. This includes Figure sets, animations, and interactive figures. The Astronomy Image Explorer (\url{http://www.astroexplorer.org/}) provides access to all the figures published in the AAS Journals since they offered an electronic version which was in the mid 1990s. You can filter image searches by specific terms, year, journal, or type. The type filter is particularly useful for finding all published enhanced graphics. As of March 2021 there are over 4000 videos, 1300 figure sets, and 100 interactive figures. The next sections describe how to include these types of graphics in your own manuscripts.
\subsubsection{Figure sets}
The grid commands given above works great for a limited set of individual figure files but what do you do if you have many 10s or 100s or even 1000s of individual figure files? Figure sets represents a virtual flip book of a large group of similar style figures. The derived PDF article will only shows an example figure while the enhanced content is available in the figure set in the HTML edition. The advantage of a figure set gives the reader the ability to easily sort through a large collection to find individual component figures. The advantage to the author is that grouping similar figures into a figure set can result in significant cost savings in terms of reduced publication charges, see Appendix B. All of the figure set components, along with their html framework, are also available to the reader for download in a single .tar.gz package.
Special \latex\ mark up is required to create a figure set. Prior to \aastex\ v6 the underlying mark up commands had to be inserted by hand but is now included. Note that when an article with figure set is compiled in \latex\ none of the component figures are shown and a floating Figure Set caption will appear in the resulting PDF.
\figsetstart \figsetnum{4} \figsettitle{Swift X-ray light curves}
\figsetgrpstart \figsetgrpnum{1.1} \figsetgrptitle{KT Eri} \figsetplot{KT_Eri.pdf} \figsetgrpnote{The Swift/XRT X-ray light curve for the first year after outburst of KT Eri.} \figsetgrpend
\figsetgrpstart \figsetgrpnum{1.2} \figsetgrptitle{RS Oph} \figsetplot{RS_Oph.pdf} \figsetgrpnote{The Swift/XRT X-ray light curve for the first year after outburst of RS Oph.} \figsetgrpend
\figsetgrpstart \figsetgrpnum{1.3} \figsetgrptitle{U Sco} \figsetplot{U_Sco.pdf} \figsetgrpnote{The Swift/XRT X-ray light curve for the first year after outburst of U Sco.} \figsetgrpend
\figsetgrpstart \figsetgrpnum{1.4} \figsetgrptitle{V2491 Cyg} \figsetplot{V2491_Cyg.pdf} \figsetgrpnote{The Swift/XRT X-ray light curve for the first year after outburst of V2491 Cyg.} \figsetgrpend
\figsetgrpstart \figsetgrpnum{1.5} \figsetgrptitle{Nova LMC 2009} \figsetplot{LMC_2009.pdf} \figsetgrpnote{The Swift/XRT X-ray light curve for the first year after outburst of nova LMC 2009.} \figsetgrpend
\figsetgrpstart \figsetgrpnum{1.6} \figsetgrptitle{HV Cet} \figsetplot{HV_Cet.pdf} \figsetgrpnote{The Swift/XRT X-ray light curve for the first year after outburst of HV Cet.} \figsetgrpend
\figsetend
\begin{figure} \plotone{KT_Eri.pdf} \caption{The Swift/XRT X-ray light curve for the first year after outburst of the suspected recurrent nova KT Eri. At a maximum count rate of 328 ct/s, KT Eri was the brightest nova in X-rays observed to date. All the component figures (6) are available in the Figure Set. Note that these components that are {\bf not} shown in the compiled pdf. The figure set consists of the same figures as shown in Figure \ref{fig:pyramid}. The example figure shown for figure sets can be one component or many. \label{fig:fig4}} \end{figure}
Authors are encouraged to use an online tool at \url{http://authortools.aas.org/FIGSETS/make-figset.html} to generate their own specific figure set mark up to incorporate into their \latex\ articles.
\subsubsection{Animations \label{animation}}
Authors may, and are in fact encouraged, to include animations in their manuscripts. The video will stream inline with the published article and also be available for download. When writing the manuscript, a stand alone figure is necessary to serve as an example for the reader. Ideally, this is a single still frame from the animation but in some case the animation may only represent a small portion of the example figure, say one many panels as shown in Figure \ref{fig:video}. Regardless, it is very important that the author provide descriptive text in the figure caption including start and stop times and the video duration. Authors should review the AAS animation guidelines in the graphics guide at \url{https://journals.aas.org/graphics-guide/#animations}.
\begin{figure} \begin{interactive}{animation}{movie.mp4} \plotone{f4.pdf} \end{interactive} \caption{Figure 1 from \citet{2018ApJ...868L..33L}. AIA 171\AA (a,b), AIA 131\AA (c), and AIA 304\AA images are shown. The red rectangle in (a) shows the field of view of the other panels. An animation of panels (b-d) is available. It covers 8 hours of observing beginning at 01:00 UT on 2012 January 19. The video duration is 20 seconds. \label{fig:video}} \end{figure}
Animations and interactive figures (Section \ref{sec:interactive}) should use the {\tt\string\begin{interactive}} environment in the figure call. This environment places a blue border around the figure to indicate that the figure is enhanced in the published HTML article. The command also serves to alert the publisher what files are used to generate the dynamic HTML content. {\tt\string\interactive} takes two arguments. The first details the type and currently only three are allowed. The types are {\tt\string js} for generic javascript interactive figures, {\tt\string animation} for inline videos, and {\tt\string timeseries} for interactive light curves produced by astropy \citet{2013A&A...558A..33A}\footnote{To be release in the summer of 2019}. If these types are not provide the compiler will issue an error and quit. The second argument is the file that produces the enhanced feature in the HTML article.
\subsubsection{Interactive figures \label{sec:interactive}}
Interactive figures give the reader the ability to manipulate the information contained in an image which can add clarity or help further the author's narrative. These figures consist of two parts, a static representative figure for the manuscript and the dynamic javascript plus HTML framework that allows for interactive control.
An example of an interactive figure is a 3D model. The underlying figure is a X3D file while x3dom.js is the javascript driver that displays it. An author created interface is added via a html wrapper. The first 3D model published by the AAS Journals using this technique was \citet{2014ApJ...793..127V}.
Figure \ref{fig:interactive} provides an interactive example which can be run locally to demonstrate how a simple javascript plus html interface allows a reader to switch between figures. The necessary files for this particular interactive figure are in the {\tt\string interactive.tar.gz} file included with this package. Unpack the file and point the browser to the local html file. In this case, the javascript that runs the interactive buttons is embedded in the html file but it could just as easily be calls to external javascript libraries. Ideally, the javascript should be included with the submitted package of interactive files to minimize external dependencies within the published article.
\begin{figure} \begin{interactive}{js}{interactive.tar.gz} \plotone{f5.pdf} \end{interactive} \caption{Figure 4 from \citet{2018AJ....156...82C}. \emph{Upper panel}: the cumulative median observing time to measure the $3\sigma$ RV masses of TESS planets as a function of host star spectral type and up to $10^3$ hours. The \emph{dashed blue curves} represent the results from the optical spectrograph whereas the \emph{solid red curves} represent the near-IR spectrograph. \emph{Lower panel}: the time derivative of the cumulative observing time curves used to indicate the RV planet detection efficiency. The \emph{horizontal dashed line} highlights the value of the detection efficiency at 20 hours per detection. Note that unlike the lower panels, the upper panels do not share a common ordinate due to the differing number of planet detections around stars in each spectral type bin. The interactive version has two buttons that allows one to turn the optical and NIR layers. \label{fig:interactive}} \end{figure}
Authors should consult the online tutorials at \url{https://journals.aas.org/graphics-guide/#interactive_figures} for more information on what is currently supported and links to tutorials and examples.
\section{Displaying mathematics} \label{sec:displaymath}
The most common mathematical symbols and formulas are in the amsmath
package. \aastex\ requires this package so there is no need to
specifically call for it in the document preamble. Most modern \latex
distributions already contain this package. If you do not have this
package or the other required packages, revtex4-1, latexsym, graphicx,
amssymb, longtable, and epsf, they can be obtained from
\url{http://www.ctan.org}
Mathematics can be displayed either within the text, e.g. $E = mc^2$, or separate from in an equation. In order to be properly rendered, all inline math text has to be declared by surrounding the math by dollar signs ($).
A complex equation example with inline math as part of the explanation follows.
\begin{equation} \bar v(p_2,\sigma_2)P_{-\tau}\hat a_1\hat a_2\cdots \hat a_nu(p_1,\sigma_1) , \end{equation} where $p$ and $\sigma$ label the initial $e^{\pm}$ four-momenta and helicities $(\sigma = \pm 1)$, $\hat a_i=a^\mu_i\gamma_\nu$ and $P_\tau=\frac{1}{2}(1+\tau\gamma_5)$ is a chirality projection operator $(\tau = \pm1)$. This produces a single line formula. \latex\ will auto-number this and any subsequent equations. If no number is desired then the {\tt\string equation} call should be replaced with {\tt\string displaymath}.
\latex\ can also handle a a multi-line equation. Use {\tt\string eqnarray} for more than one line and end each line with a \textbackslash\textbackslash. Each line will be numbered unless the \textbackslash\textbackslash\ is preceded by a {\tt\string\nonumber} command. Alignment points can be added with ampersands (&). There should be two ampersands per line. In the examples they are centered on the equal symbol. \begin{eqnarray} \gamma^\mu & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} 0 & \sigma^\mu_+ \ \sigma^\mu_- & 0 \end{array} \right) , \gamma^5= \left( \begin{array}{cc} -1 & 0\ 0 & 1 \end{array} \right) , \ \sigma^\mu_{\pm} & = & ({\bf 1} ,\pm \sigma) , \end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray} \hat a & = & \left( \begin{array}{cc} 0 & (\hat a)+\ (\hat a)- & 0 \end{array}\right), \nonumber \ (\hat a)\pm & = & a\mu\sigma^\mu_\pm \end{eqnarray}
%% Putting eqnarrays or equations inside the mathletters environment groups %% the enclosed equations by letter. For instance, the eqnarray below, instead %% of being numbered, say, (4) and (5), would be numbered (4a) and (4b). %% LaTeX the paper and look at the output to see the results.
\section{Revision tracking and color highlighting} \label{sec:highlight}
Authors sometimes use color to highlight changes to their manuscript in response to editor and referee comments. In \aastex\ new commands have been introduced to make this easier and formalize the process.
The first method is through a new set of editing mark up commands that specifically identify what has been changed. These commands are {\tt\string\added{}}, {\tt\string\deleted{}}, and {\tt\string\replaced{}{}}. To activate these commands the {\tt\string trackchanges} option must be used in the {\tt\string\documentclass} call. When compiled this will produce the marked text in red. The {\tt\string\explain{}} can be used to add text to provide information to the reader describing the change. Its output is purple italic font. To see how {\tt\string\added{}}, {\tt\string\deleted{}}, {\tt\string\replaced{}{}}, and \break {\tt\string\explain{}} commands will produce \added{important added information}\deleted{, deleted text, and } \replaced{old data}{and replaced data,} toggle between versions compiled with and without the {\tt\string trackchanges} option.\explain{text explaining the change}
A summary list of all these tracking commands can be produced at the end of the article by adding the {\tt\string\listofchanges} just before the {\tt\string\end{document}} call. The page number for each change will be provided. If the {\tt\string linenumbers} option is also included in the documentclass call then not only will all the lines in the article be numbered for handy reference but the summary list will also include the line number for each change.
The second method does not have the ability to highlight the specific nature of the changes but does allow the author to document changes over multiple revisions. The commands are {\tt\string\edit1{}}, {\tt\string\edit2{}} and {\tt\string\edit3{}} and they produce {\tt\string} that is highlighted in bold, bold+italic and bold+underline, respectively. Authors should use the first command to \edit1{indicated which text has been changed from the first revision.} The second command is to highlight \edit2{new or modified text from a second revision}. If a third revision is needed then the last command should be used \edit3{to show this changed text}. Since over 90% of all manuscripts are accepted after the 3rd revision these commands make it easy to identify what text has been added and when. Once the article is accepted all the highlight color can be turned off simply by adding the {\tt\string\turnoffediting} command in the preamble. Likewise, the new commands {\tt\string\turnoffeditone}, {\tt\string\turnoffedittwo}, and {\tt\string\turnoffeditthree} can be used to only turn off the {\tt\string\edit1{}}, {\tt\string\edit2{}} and {\tt\string\edit3{}}, respectively.
Similar to marking editing changes with the {\tt\string\edit} options there are also the {\tt\string\authorcomments1{}}, {\tt\string\authorcomments2{}} and {\tt\string\authorcomments3{}} commands. These produce the same bold red, italic blue and underlined purple text but when the {\tt\string\turnoffediting} command is present the {\tt\string} material does not appear in the manuscript. Authors can use these commands to mark up text that they are not sure should appear in the final manuscript or as a way to communicate comments between co-authors when writing the article.
\section{Software and third party data repository citations} \label{sec:cite}
The AAS Journals would like to encourage authors to change software and third party data repository references from the current standard of a footnote to a first class citation in the bibliography. As a bibliographic citation these important references will be more easily captured and credit will be given to the appropriate people.
The first step to making this happen is to have the data or software in a long term repository that has made these items available via a persistent identifier like a Digital Object Identifier (DOI). A list of repositories that satisfy this criteria plus each one's pros and cons are given at \break \url{https://github.com/AASJournals/Tutorials/tree/master/Repositories}.
In the bibliography the format for data or code follows this format: \
\noindent author year, title, version, publisher, prefix:identifier\
\citet{2015ApJ...805...23C} provides a example of how the citation in the
article references the external code at
\doi{10.5281/zenodo.15991}. Unfortunately, bibtex does
not have specific bibtex entries for these types of references so the
@misc'' type should be used. The Repository tutorial explains how to code the @misc'' type correctly. The most recent aasjournal.bst file,
available with \aastex\ v6, will output bibtex ``@misc'' type properly.
%% IMPORTANT! The old "\acknowledgment" command has be depreciated. It was %% not robust enough to handle our new dual anonymous review requirements and %% thus been replaced with the acknowledgment environment. If you try to %% compile with \acknowledgment you will get an error print to the screen %% and in the compiled pdf. \begin{acknowledgments} We thank all the people that have made this AASTeX what it is today. This includes but not limited to Bob Hanisch, Chris Biemesderfer, Lee Brotzman, Pierre Landau, Arthur Ogawa, Maxim Markevitch, Alexey Vikhlinin and Amy Hendrickson. Also special thanks to David Hogg and Daniel Foreman-Mackey for the new "modern" style design. Considerable help was provided via bug reports and hacks from numerous people including Patricio Cubillos, Alex Drlica-Wagner, Sean Lake, Michele Bannister, Peter Williams, and Jonathan Gagne. \end{acknowledgments}
%% To help institutions obtain information on the effectiveness of their %% telescopes the AAS Journals has created a group of keywords for telescope %% facilities. % %% Following the acknowledgments section, use the following syntax and the %% \facility{} or \facilities{} macros to list the keywords of facilities used %% in the research for the paper. Each keyword is check against the master %% list during copy editing. Individual instruments can be provided in %% parentheses, after the keyword, but they are not verified.
\vspace{5mm} \facilities{HST(STIS), Swift(XRT and UVOT), AAVSO, CTIO:1.3m, CTIO:1.5m,CXO}
%% Similar to \facility{}, there is the optional \software command to allow %% authors a place to specify which programs were used during the creation of %% the manuscript. Authors should list each code and include either a %% citation or url to the code inside ()s when available.
\software{astropy \citep{2013A&A...558A..33A,2018AJ....156..123A},
Cloudy \citep{2013RMxAA..49..137F},
Source Extractor \citep{1996A&AS..117..393B}
}
%% Appendix material should be preceded with a single \appendix command. %% There should be a \section command for each appendix. Mark appendix %% subsections with the same markup you use in the main body of the paper.
%% Each Appendix (indicated with \section) will be lettered A, B, C, etc. %% The equation counter will reset when it encounters the \appendix %% command and will number appendix equations (A1), (A2), etc. The %% Figure and Table counter will not reset.
\appendix
\section{Appendix information}
Appendices can be broken into separate sections just like in the main text. The only difference is that each appendix section is indexed by a letter (A, B, C, etc.) instead of a number. Likewise numbered equations have the section letter appended. Here is an equation as an example. \begin{equation} I = \frac{1}{1 + d_{1}^{P (1 + d_{2} )}} \end{equation} Appendix tables and figures should not be numbered like equations. Instead they should continue the sequence from the main article body.
\section{Author publication charges} \label{sec:pubcharge}
Finally some information about the AAS Journal's publication charges. In April 2011 the traditional way of calculating author charges based on the number of printed pages was changed. The reason for the change was due to a recognition of the growing number of article items that could not be represented in print. Now author charges are determined by a number of digital ``quanta''. A single quantum is 350 words, one figure, one table, and one enhanced digital item. For the latter this includes machine readable tables, figure sets, animations, and interactive figures. The current cost for the different quanta types is available at \url{https://journals.aas.org/article-charges-and-copyright/#author_publication_charges}. Authors may use the ApJL length calculator to get a {\tt rough} estimate of the number of word and float quanta in their manuscript. The calculator is located at \url{https://authortools.aas.org/ApJL/betacountwords.html}.
\section{Rotating tables} \label{sec:rotate}
The process of rotating tables into landscape mode is slightly different in \aastex v6.31. Instead of the {\tt\string\rotate} command, a new environment has been created to handle this task. To place a single page table in a landscape mode start the table portion with {\tt\string\begin{rotatetable}} and end with {\tt\string\end{rotatetable}}.
Tables that exceed a print page take a slightly different environment since both rotation and long table printing are required. In these cases start with {\tt\string\begin{longrotatetable}} and end with {\tt\string\end{longrotatetable}}. Table \ref{chartable} is an example of a multi-page, rotated table. The {\tt\string\movetabledown} command can be used to help center extremely wide, landscape tables. The command {\tt\string\movetabledown=1in} will move any rotated table down 1 inch.
\begin{longrotatetable} \begin{deluxetable*}{lllrrrrrrll} \tablecaption{Observable Characteristics of Galactic/Magellanic Cloud novae with X-ray observations\label{chartable}} \tablewidth{700pt} \tabletypesize{\scriptsize} \tablehead{ \colhead{Name} & \colhead{V$_{max}$} & \colhead{Date} & \colhead{t$_2$} & \colhead{FWHM} & \colhead{E(B-V)} & \colhead{N$_H$} & \colhead{Period} & \colhead{D} & \colhead{Dust?} & \colhead{RN?} \ \colhead{} & \colhead{(mag)} & \colhead{(JD)} & \colhead{(d)} & \colhead{(km s$^{-1}$)} & \colhead{(mag)} & \colhead{(cm$^{-2}$)} & \colhead{(d)} & \colhead{(kpc)} & \colhead{} & \colhead{} } \startdata CI Aql & 8.83 (1) & 2451665.5 (1) & 32 (2) & 2300 (3) & 0.8$\pm0.2$ (4) & 1.2e+22 & 0.62 (4) & 6.25$\pm5$ (4) & N & Y \ {\bf CSS081007} & \nodata & 2454596.5 & \nodata & \nodata & 0.146 & 1.1e+21 & 1.77 (5) & 4.45$\pm1.95$ (6) & \nodata & \nodata \ GQ Mus & 7.2 (7) & 2445352.5 (7) & 18 (7) & 1000 (8) & 0.45 (9) & 3.8e+21 & 0.059375 (10) & 4.8$\pm1$ (9) & N (7) & \nodata \ IM Nor & 7.84 (11) & 2452289 (2) & 50 (2) & 1150 (12) & 0.8$\pm0.2$ (4) & 8e+21 & 0.102 (13) & 4.25$\pm3.4$ (4) & N & Y \ {\bf KT Eri} & 5.42 (14) & 2455150.17 (14) & 6.6 (14) & 3000 (15) & 0.08 (15) & 5.5e+20 & \nodata & 6.5 (15) & N & M \ {\bf LMC 1995} & 10.7 (16) & 2449778.5 (16) & 15$\pm2$ (17) & \nodata & 0.15 (203) & 7.8e+20 & \nodata & 50 & \nodata & \nodata \ LMC 2000 & 11.45 (18) & 2451737.5 (18) & 9$\pm2$ (19) & 1700 (20) & 0.15 (203) & 7.8e+20 & \nodata & 50 & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf LMC 2005} & 11.5 (21) & 2453700.5 (21) & 63 (22) & 900 (23) & 0.15 (203) & 1e+21 & \nodata & 50 & M (24) & \nodata \ {\bf LMC 2009a} & 10.6 (25) & 2454867.5 (25) & 4$\pm1$ & 3900 (25) & 0.15 (203) & 5.7e+20 & 1.19 (26) & 50 & N & Y \ {\bf SMC 2005} & 10.4 (27) & 2453588.5 (27) & \nodata & 3200 (28) & \nodata & 5e+20 & \nodata & 61 & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf QY Mus} & 8.1 (29) & 2454739.90 (29) & 60: & \nodata & 0.71 (30) & 4.2e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & M & \nodata \ {\bf RS Oph} & 4.5 (31) & 2453779.44 (14) & 7.9 (14) & 3930 (31) & 0.73 (32) & 2.25e+21 & 456 (33) & 1.6$\pm0.3$ (33) & N (34) & Y \ {\bf U Sco} & 8.05 (35) & 2455224.94 (35) & 1.2 (36) & 7600 (37) & 0.2$\pm0.1$ (4) & 1.2e+21 & 1.23056 (36) & 12$\pm2$ (4) & N & Y \ {\bf V1047 Cen} & 8.5 (38) & 2453614.5 (39) & 6 (40) & 840 (38) & \nodata & 1.4e+22 & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf V1065 Cen} & 8.2 (41) & 2454123.5 (41) & 11 (42) & 2700 (43) & 0.5$\pm0.1$ (42) & 3.75e+21 & \nodata & 9.05$\pm2.8$ (42) & Y (42) & \nodata \ V1187 Sco & 7.4 (44) & 2453220.5 (44) & 7: (45) & 3000 (44) & 1.56 (44) & 8.0e+21 & \nodata & 4.9$\pm0.5$ (44) & N & \nodata \ {\bf V1188 Sco} & 8.7 (46) & 2453577.5 (46) & 7 (40) & 1730 (47) & \nodata & 5.0e+21 & \nodata & 7.5 (39) & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf V1213 Cen} & 8.53 (48) & 2454959.5 (48) & 11$\pm2$ (49) & 2300 (50) & 2.07 (30) & 1.0e+22 & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf V1280 Sco} & 3.79 (51) & 2454147.65 (14) & 21 (52) & 640 (53) & 0.36 (54) & 1.6e+21 & \nodata & 1.6$\pm0.4$ (54) & Y (54) & \nodata \ {\bf V1281 Sco} & 8.8 (55) & 2454152.21 (55) & 15:& 1800 (56) & 0.7 (57) & 3.2e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & N & \nodata \ {\bf V1309 Sco} & 7.1 (58) & 2454714.5 (58) & 23$\pm2$ (59) & 670 (60) & 1.2 (30) & 4.0e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf V1494 Aql} & 3.8 (61) & 2451515.5 (61) & 6.6$\pm0.5$ (61) & 1200 (62) & 0.6 (63) & 3.6e+21 & 0.13467 (64) & 1.6$\pm0.1$ (63) & N & \nodata \ {\bf V1663 Aql} & 10.5 (65) & 2453531.5 (65) & 17 (66) & 1900 (67) & 2: (68) & 1.6e+22 & \nodata & 8.9$\pm3.6$ (69) & N & \nodata \ V1974 Cyg & 4.3 (70) & 2448654.5 (70) & 17 (71) & 2000 (19) & 0.36$\pm0.04$ (71) & 2.7e+21 & 0.081263 (70) & 1.8$\pm0.1$ (72) & N & \nodata \ {\bf V2361 Cyg} & 9.3 (73) & 2453412.5 (73) & 6 (40) & 3200 (74) & 1.2: (75) & 7.0e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & Y (40) & \nodata \ {\bf V2362 Cyg} & 7.8 (76) & 2453831.5 (76) & 9 (77) & 1850 (78) & 0.575$\pm0.015$ (79) & 4.4e+21 & 0.06577 (80) & 7.75$\pm3$ (77) & Y (81) & \nodata \ {\bf V2467 Cyg} & 6.7 (82) & 2454176.27 (82) & 7 (83) & 950 (82) & 1.5 (84) & 1.4e+22 & 0.159 (85) & 3.1$\pm0.5$ (86) & M (87) & \nodata \ {\bf V2468 Cyg} & 7.4 (88) & 2454534.2 (88) & 10: & 1000 (88) & 0.77 (89) & 1.0e+22 & 0.242 (90) & \nodata & N & \nodata \ {\bf V2491 Cyg} & 7.54 (91) & 2454567.86 (91) & 4.6 (92) & 4860 (93) & 0.43 (94) & 4.7e+21 & 0.09580: (95) & 10.5 (96) & N & M \ V2487 Oph & 9.5 (97) & 2450979.5 (97) & 6.3 (98) & 10000 (98) & 0.38$\pm0.08$ (98) & 2.0e+21 & \nodata & 27.5$\pm3$ (99) & N (100) & Y (101) \ {\bf V2540 Oph} & 8.5 (102) & 2452295.5 (102) & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata & 2.3e+21 & 0.284781 (103) & 5.2$\pm0.8$ (103) & N & \nodata \ V2575 Oph & 11.1 (104) & 2453778.8 (104) & 20: & 560 (104) & 1.4 (105) & 3.3e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & N (105) & \nodata \ {\bf V2576 Oph} & 9.2 (106) & 2453832.5 (106) & 8: & 1470 (106) & 0.25 (107) & 2.6e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & N & \nodata \ {\bf V2615 Oph} & 8.52 (108) & 2454187.5 (108) & 26.5 (108) & 800 (109) & 0.9 (108) & 3.1e+21 & \nodata & 3.7$\pm0.2$ (108) & Y (110) & \nodata \ {\bf V2670 Oph} & 9.9 (111) & 2454613.11 (111) & 15: & 600 (112) & 1.3: (113) & 2.9e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & N (114) & \nodata \ {\bf V2671 Oph} & 11.1 (115) & 2454617.5 (115) & 8: & 1210 (116) & 2.0 (117) & 3.3e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & M (117) & \nodata \ {\bf V2672 Oph} & 10.0 (118) & 2455060.02 (118) & 2.3 (119) & 8000 (118) & 1.6$\pm0.1$ (119) & 4.0e+21 & \nodata & 19$\pm2$ (119) & \nodata & M \ V351 Pup & 6.5 (120) & 2448617.5 (120) & 16 (121) & \nodata & 0.72$\pm0.1$ (122) & 6.2e+21 & 0.1182 (123) & 2.7$\pm0.7$ (122) & N & \nodata \ {\bf V382 Nor} & 8.9 (124) & 2453447.5 (124) & 12 (40) & 1850 (23) & \nodata & 1.7e+22 & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata \ V382 Vel & 2.85 (125) & 2451320.5 (125) & 4.5 (126) & 2400 (126) & 0.05: (126) & 3.4e+21 & 0.146126 (127) & 1.68$\pm0.3$ (126) & N & \nodata \ {\bf V407 Cyg} & 6.8 (128) & 2455266.314 (128) & 5.9 (129) & 2760 (129) & 0.5$\pm0.05$ (130) & 8.8e+21 & 15595 (131) & 2.7 (131) & \nodata & Y \ {\bf V458 Vul} & 8.24 (132) & 2454322.39 (132) & 7 (133) & 1750 (134) & 0.6 (135) & 3.6e+21 & 0.06812255 (136) & 8.5$\pm1.8$ (133) & N (135) & \nodata \ {\bf V459 Vul} & 7.57 (137) & 2454461.5 (137) & 18 (138) & 910 (139) & 1.0 (140) & 5.5e+21 & \nodata & 3.65$\pm1.35$ (138) & Y (140) & \nodata \ V4633 Sgr & 7.8 (141) & 2450895.5 (141) & 19$\pm3$ (142) & 1700 (143) & 0.21 (142) & 1.4e+21 & 0.125576 (144) & 8.9$\pm2.5$ (142) & N & \nodata \ {\bf V4643 Sgr} & 8.07 (145) & 2451965.867 (145) & 4.8 (146) & 4700 (147) & 1.67 (148) & 1.4e+22 & \nodata & 3 (148) & N & \nodata \ {\bf V4743 Sgr} & 5.0 (149) & 2452537.5 (149) & 9 (150) & 2400 (149) & 0.25 (151) & 1.2e+21 & 0.281 (152) & 3.9$\pm0.3$ (151) & N & \nodata \ {\bf V4745 Sgr} & 7.41 (153) & 2452747.5 (153) & 8.6 (154) & 1600 (155) & 0.1 (154) & 9.0e+20 & 0.20782 (156) & 14$\pm5$ (154) & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf V476 Sct} & 10.3 (157) & 2453643.5 (157) & 15 (158) & \nodata & 1.9 (158) & 1.2e+22 & \nodata & 4$\pm1$ (158) & M (159) & \nodata \ {\bf V477 Sct} & 9.8 (160) & 2453655.5 (160) & 3 (160) & 2900 (161) & 1.2: (162) & 4e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & M (163) & \nodata \ {\bf V5114 Sgr} & 8.38 (164) & 2453081.5 (164) & 11 (165) & 2000 (23) & \nodata & 1.5e+21 & \nodata & 7.7$\pm0.7$ (165) & N (166) & \nodata \ {\bf V5115 Sgr} & 7.7 (167) & 2453459.5 (167) & 7 (40) & 1300 (168) & 0.53 (169) & 2.3e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & N (169) & \nodata \ {\bf V5116 Sgr} & 8.15 (170) & 2453556.91 (170) & 6.5 (171) & 970 (172) & 0.25 (173) & 1.5e+21 & 0.1238 (171) & 11$\pm3$ (173) & N (174) & \nodata \ {\bf V5558 Sgr} & 6.53 (175) & 2454291.5 (175) & 125 (176) & 1000 (177) & 0.80 (178) & 1.6e+22 & \nodata & 1.3$\pm0.3$ (176) & N (179) & \nodata \ {\bf V5579 Sgr} & 5.56 (180) & 2454579.62 (180) & 7: & 1500 (23) & 1.2 (181) & 3.3e+21 & \nodata & \nodata & Y (181) & \nodata \ {\bf V5583 Sgr} & 7.43 (182) & 2455051.07 (182) & 5: & 2300 (182) & 0.39 (30) & 2.0e+21 & \nodata & 10.5 & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf V574 Pup} & 6.93 (183) & 2453332.22 (183) & 13 (184) & 2800 (184) & 0.5$\pm0.1$ & 6.2e+21 & \nodata & 6.5$\pm1$ & M (185) & \nodata \ {\bf V597 Pup} & 7.0 (186) & 2454418.75 (186) & 3: & 1800 (187) & 0.3 (188) & 5.0e+21 & 0.11119 (189) & \nodata & N (188) & \nodata \ {\bf V598 Pup} & 3.46 (14) & 2454257.79 (14) & 9$\pm1$ (190) & \nodata & 0.16 (190) & 1.4e+21 & \nodata & 2.95$\pm0.8$ (190) & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf V679 Car} & 7.55 (191) & 2454797.77 (191) & 20: & \nodata & \nodata & 1.3e+22 & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata & \nodata \ {\bf V723 Cas} & 7.1 (192) & 2450069.0 (192) & 263 (2) & 600 (193) & 0.5 (194) & 2.35e+21 & 0.69 (195) & 3.86$\pm0.23$ (196) & N & \nodata \ V838 Her & 5 (197) & 2448340.5 (197) & 2 (198) & \nodata & 0.5$\pm0.1$ (198) & 2.6e+21 & 0.2975 (199) & 3$\pm1$ (198) & Y (200) & \nodata \ {\bf XMMSL1 J06} & 12 (201) & 2453643.5 (202) & 8$\pm2$ (202) & \nodata & 0.15 (203) & 8.7e+20 & \nodata & 50 & \nodata & \nodata \ \enddata \end{deluxetable*} \end{longrotatetable}
A handy "cheat sheet" that provides the necessary \latex\ to produce 17 different types of tables is available at \url{http://journals.aas.org/authors/aastex/aasguide.html#table_cheat_sheet}.
\section{IAU recommendations for nominal units \label{nominal}}
The IAU 2015 resolution B3 defines nominal solar and planetary values by establishing conversions between solar and planetary values and SI units. The rational and specifications are given in \citet{2016AJ....152...41P}. The recommended nominal conversion constants for \latex\ have been incorporate into v6.31 to help authors follow the IAU resolution.
The general commands take this form:
\vskip12pt \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{@{\vrule height 14pt depth 6pt width0pt}lll} Command&Example&Results\ \verb+\nom{}+&\verb+\nom{Q}+&\nom{Q}\ \verb+\Eenom{}+&\verb+\Eenom{Q}+&\Eenom{Q}\ \verb+\Epnom{}+&\verb+\Epnom{Q}+&\Epnom{Q}\ \verb+\Jenom{}+&\verb+\Jenom{Q}+&\Jenom{Q}\ \verb+\Jpnom{}+&\verb+\Jpnom{Q}+&\Jpnom{Q}\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \vskip12pt
which can be used for any units the author requires. Examples of the most common uses would be:
\vskip12pt \begin{tabular}{@{\vrule height 14pt depth 6pt width 0pt}llllp{3in}} 1.&\verb+\nom{(GM)}+& \nom{(GM)} &=& nominal solar mass parameter\ 2.&\verb+\nom{R}+&\nom{R} &=& nominal solar radius\ 3.&\verb+\nom{S}+& \nom{S}&=& nominal total solar irradiance\ 4.&\verb+\nom{L}+& \nom{L} &=&nominal solar luminosity\ \end{tabular} \vskip12pt
AASTeX v6.31 also contains specific commands for other commonly used units. These are:
\vskip24pt \begin{tabular}{@{\vrule height 14pt depth 6pt width 0pt}llllp{3in}} 1.&\verb+\nomSolarEffTemp+& \nomSolarEffTemp&=& nominal solar effective temperature\ 2.&\verb+\nomTerrEqRadius+&\nomTerrEqRadius &=& nominal terrestrial equatorial radius\ &\verb+\nomTerrPolarRadius+ &\nomTerrPolarRadius &=& nominal terrestrial polar radius\ &\verb+\nomTerrEqRadius+&\nomTerrEqRadius&& should be used if equatorial vs.~polar radius is not explicitly specified.\ 3.&\verb+\nomJovianEqRadius+&\nomJovianEqRadius&=& nominal one-bar equatorial radii of Jupiter\ &\verb+\nomJovianPolarRadius+&\nomJovianPolarRadius &=& nominal polar radii of Jupiter\ &\verb+\nomJovianEqRadius+&\nomJovianEqRadius&& should be used if Jovian equatorial vs.~polar radius is not explicitly specified.\ 4.&\verb+\nomTerrMass+ &\nomTerrMass &=& nominal terrestrial mass parameter\ &\verb+\nomJovianMass+ &\nomJovianMass &=& nominal Jovian mass parameter\ \end{tabular} \vskip12pt
All of these commands work equally well in text and math mode.
\section{Using Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters}
Authors have the option to include names in Chinese, Japanese, or Korean (CJK) characters in addition to the English name. The names will be displayed in parentheses after the English name. The way to do this in AASTeX is to use the CJK package available at \url{https://ctan.org/pkg/cjk?lang=en}. Further details on how to implement this and solutions for common problems, please go to \url{https://journals.aas.org/nonroman/}.
%% For this sample we use BibTeX plus aasjournals.bst to generate the %% the bibliography. The sample631.bib file was populated from ADS. To %% get the citations to show in the compiled file do the following: %% %% pdflatex sample631.tex %% bibtext sample631 %% pdflatex sample631.tex %% pdflatex sample631.tex
\bibliography{sample631}{} \bibliographystyle{aasjournal}
%% This command is needed to show the entire author+affiliation list when %% the collaboration and author truncation commands are used. It has to %% go at the end of the manuscript. %\allauthors
%% Include this line if you are using the \added, \replaced, \deleted %% commands to see a summary list of all changes at the end of the article. %\listofchanges
\end{document}
% End of file `sample631.tex'.